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@@ -0,0 +1,1477 @@
+ <chapter xml:id="sd1ArrayI" version="5.0"
+ xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
+ xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+ xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
+ xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+ xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
+ xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+ xmlns:db="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook">
+ <title>Arrays </title>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1ArrayPrepare">
+ <title>Preparations</title>
+
+ <para>Chapter 4 <xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/> excluding
+ <quote>Mutable Strings</quote>.</para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1ArrayiExercise">
+ <title>Exercises</title>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1IntStore">
+ <title>Storing integer values</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaIntStore">
+ <title>A container of fixed capacity holding integer values</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Implement a class
+ <classname>BoundedIntegerStore</classname> being able to hold
+ a fixed number of integer values. Internally these values will
+ be stored in an array. The design has been chosen to be
+ extended in later exercises.</para>
+
+ <para>A skeleton project archive is available at:</para>
+
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/Array/integerStoreSkeleton</para>
+ </annotation>
+
+ <para>The above link contains a skeleton file
+ <filename>project.zip</filename>. You may import this project
+ into your <xref linkend="glo_Eclipse"/> workspace by:</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Creating an empty directory e.g.
+ <quote>myProject</quote>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Unzip <filename>project.zip</filename> into
+ <quote>myProject</quote>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Choose File-->Import-->Maven-->Existing
+ maven projects in <xref linkend="glo_Eclipse"/> and
+ navigate to the <quote>myProject</quote> folder to import
+ it.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>This skeleton project contains:</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>A class <classname>Driver</classname> which allows
+ you to execute some output generating tests.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>A <xref linkend="glo_Junit"/> test
+ <classname>IntStoreTest</classname> which allows you to
+ test your ongoing implementation of
+ <classname>BoundedIntegerStore</classname>. This class
+ contains several <code>// TODO</code> comments indicating
+ positions to be completed.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The tests will fail initially. After successful
+ implementation they should however run
+ successfully.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/Array/integerStore</para>
+ </annotation>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1IntStoreUnbounded">
+ <title>Let the store grow dynamically</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaIntStoreUnbounded">
+ <title>A container of variable capacity holding integer
+ values</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>In <xref linkend="sd1QandaIntStore"/> once a store has
+ been created its capacity is fixed. We'd like to extend our
+ class to support dynamic growth while adding new values. To
+ achieve this goal follow the following steps:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Copy the completed project to a new one e.g. named
+ <quote>UnboundedContainer</quote>. This way you still have
+ the bounded implementation available.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Rename your class
+ <classname>BoundedIntegerStore</classname> to
+ <classname>IntegerStore</classname> reflecting the
+ possibility of dynamic growth.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>You have to modify the method <code>void
+ addValue(int value)</code>: If the array's size gets
+ exceeded (e.g. adding the fifth value having array size of
+ just 4) do:</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Create a second array offering twice the current
+ capacity. This technique is referred to as
+ <quote>amortized doubling</quote>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Copy all existing values from the current array
+ to the new array</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Assign the new array to <code>int[]
+ values</code>. You thereby implicitly discard the old
+ array.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>copy the latest argument to the array as
+ usual.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>Basically you have to compare the number of already
+ inserted elements and the current capacity prior to
+ inserting any new value.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Add a default constructor providing an initial
+ default capacity of 4.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>Modify and add <xref linkend="glo_Junit"/> tests
+ accordingly to reflect the new behaviour. Especially test
+ correct capacity reallocation for larger numbers of values
+ being added.</para>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/Array/integerStoreUnbounded</para>
+ </annotation>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1StoreStatistics">
+ <title>Providing statistical data</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaIntStoreStat">
+ <title>Adding support to retrieve statistical data.</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Extend <xref linkend="sd1QandaIntStoreUnbounded"/> by
+ providing a method <methodname>double
+ getAverage()</methodname> to provide statistical data on a
+ given set of integer values. In addition provide a method
+ <methodname>void clear()</methodname> enabling a user to
+ support different sets of values.</para>
+
+ <para>Do not forget to extend your <xref linkend="glo_Junit"/>
+ tests. You may want to import an <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/integerStoreStat/eclipse.zip">eclipse
+ skeleton project</link> to start from.</para>
+
+ <caution>
+ <para>When testing for equality of double values you may
+ find the <xref linkend="glo_Junit"/> method <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://junit.sourceforge.net/javadoc/org/junit/Assert.html#assertEquals(double,%20double)">assertEquals()</methodname>to
+ be marked as <link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/1.5.0/docs/guide/javadoc/deprecation/deprecation.html">deprecated</link>.
+ Give a reason why this decision has been taken. This may
+ guide you to find an appropriate test.</para>
+ </caution>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/Array/integerStoreStat</para>
+ </annotation>
+
+ <para>Testing for equality of two <code>double</code>
+ variables is generally a bad idea. Consider the double literal
+ <code>1.25</code> and the expression <code>5. / 4</code>. A
+ test <code>assertEquals(1.25, 5. / 4)</code> is likely to fail
+ due to arithmetic representation problems. Thus you have to
+ use a distance measurement like e.g.
+ <code>assertTrue(Math.abs(1.25 - 5. / 4) < 1E-50)</code>
+ instead.</para>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+ <section xml:id="sd1ArrayIIprepare">
+ <title>Arrays II, Preparations</title>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Java Annotations</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Unfortunately <xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/> is somewhat
+ reluctant regarding Java annotations:</para>
+
+ <remark>A Java source file can contain annotations. An annotation
+ is not a Java language statement, but a special statement that
+ changes the way program statements are treated by the compiler or
+ the libraries. You can define your own annotations but most Java
+ programmers never need to do so, so I’m not going into the
+ how.</remark>
+
+ <para>With respect to unit testing using (not defining!)
+ annotations is very helpful.</para>
+
+ <para>Get a basic understanding of Java annotations by reading
+ <link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/annotations">Lesson:
+ Annotations</link>. Don't worry if you do not understand the
+ complete article. The primary intention is about understanding the
+ <code>@Test</code> annotation in <xref linkend="glo_Junit"/>, see
+ next topic.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Unit testing using <xref
+ linkend="glo_Junit"/></glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Read <link
+ xlink:href="http://www.vogella.com/tutorials/JUnit/article.html">the
+ introduction</link>.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Inheritance</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Chapter 6 <xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/> until (including)
+ <quote>Using the final modifier</quote>. You may skip
+ <quote>Methods accepting a variable number of
+ arguments</quote>.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><productname>Greenfoot</productname> and
+ loops</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Read chapter 5 of <xref
+ linkend="bib_Koelling2010Ger"/>.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1Array2Exercise">
+ <title>Exercises</title>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1PrimeRevisit">
+ <title>Prime numbers revisited</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaPrimTest">
+ <title>Testing an implementation</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Consider the following method aimed to test whether a
+ given <code>long</code> number is prime or not:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> /**
+ * Test, whether a given number is prime.
+ * @param candidate The number to be assessed
+ * @return true if candidate is prime, false otherwise
+ * <dl>
+ <dt>Precondition:</dt>
+ <dd>2 &lt;= candidate</dd>
+ </dl>
+ */
+ public static boolean isPrime(final long candidate) {
+ for (long i = 2; i * i < candidate; i++) { // Just test up to square
+ if (0 == candidate % i) { // root of candidate.
+ return false;
+ }
+ }
+ return true;
+ }
+}</programlisting>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Write a <emphasis role="bold">concise</emphasis>
+ test which tests the above method for all numbers from [2,
+ 100]. You need to know all prime numbers from this set in
+ order to implement a <emphasis
+ role="bold">complete</emphasis> test for both directions
+ <quote>is prime</quote> and <quote>is not
+ prime</quote>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>In case you find errors correct them.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Write a method which tests prime number candidates
+ up to an arbitrary limit (say limit == 10000) and returns
+ the number of primes within [2, limit]. Measure this
+ method's execution time. You may want to consult
+ <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#currentTimeMillis--">System.currentTimeMillis()</methodname>
+ or <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#nanoTime--">System.nanoTime()</methodname>
+ for that purpose.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/Prime/V1</para>
+ </annotation>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>We want to test whether our <methodname>boolean
+ isPrime(final long candidate)</methodname> method
+ classifies prime numbers as such and whether this message
+ is able to tell non-primes as well. We achieve this by
+ defining a boolean array having indexes ranging from 0 to
+ 100. We then:</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Set all array values to false</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Set all array values to true if their index is a
+ prime number. This of course requires to know all
+ prime numbers below 100.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>This array then allows us to test our method for
+ correctness for values up to 100:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">public class TestPrimes {
+
+ @Test
+ public void primeTest() {
+ final int[] primeNumbers = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23,
+ 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 29,
+ 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97};
+
+ final boolean[] isPrime = new boolean[101]; //Testing 2,3,..,98,99,100
+ for (int i = 2; i <= 100; i++) {
+ isPrime[i] = false;
+ }
+ for (final int prime: primeNumbers) {
+ isPrime[prime] = true;
+ }
+ for (int i = 2; i <= 100; i++) {
+ assertEquals("Index=" + i , isPrime[i], PrimeNumbers.isPrime(i));
+ }
+ }</programlisting>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Executing this test yields an error at index 49.
+ This is due to an implementation error. The for- loop had
+ been defined as:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static boolean isPrime(final long candidate) {
+ for (long i = 2; i * i < candidate; i++) {
+ ...</programlisting>
+
+ <para>This is wrong: Having <code>candidate == 49</code>
+ the last value of i to be considered will be 6. So the
+ test for the result of <code>49 % 7</code> will never be
+ executed thus returning true. We actually have to modify
+ the loop's limit slightly different:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static boolean isPrime(final long candidate) {
+ for (long i = 2; i * i <emphasis role="bold"><=</emphasis> candidate; i++) {
+ ...</programlisting>
+
+ <para>This way <code>49 % 7</code> will be evaluated to
+ zero thus returning <code>false</code> and thereby
+ categorizing 49 as a non-prime number.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Our <methodname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Prime/V1/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/main/PrimeNumbers.html#main-java.lang.String:A-">main()</methodname>
+ method allows to estimate the prime number computing
+ performance:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">prime numbers found:664579
+Elapsed time:14997</programlisting>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1PrimePerformance">
+ <title>Improving performance</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaPrimeFactor">
+ <title>Getting better calculating prime numbers</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Our current algorithm checking for prime numbers wastes
+ a lot computing power. Consider testing candidate value 143.
+ Currently our loop will test:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">143 % 2 == 0 ? No.
+143 % 3 == 0 ? No.
+143 % 4 == 0 ? No.
+143 % 5 == 0 ? No.
+143 % 6 == 0 ? No.
+143 % 7 == 0 ? No.
+143 % 8 == 0 ? No.
+143 % 9 == 0 ? No.
+143 % 10 == 0 ? No.
+143 % 11 == 0 ? Yes ==> 143 is not prime</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Learning from <link
+ xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_factor">prime
+ factorization</link> it actually suffices just to test all
+ primes up to the already discussed square root limit:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">143 % 2 == 0 ? No.
+143 % 3 == 0 ? No.
+143 % 5 == 0 ? No.
+143 % 7 == 0 ? No.
+143 % 11 == 0 ? Yes ==> 143 is not prime</programlisting>
+
+ <para>The tradeoff is even bigger for higher prime numbers.
+ Thus if we store all computed prime numbers without gaps they
+ will save us a lot of operations. You may want to reuse your
+ unsorted <classname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/integerStoreUnbounded/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/IntegerStore.html">IntegerStore</classname>
+ implementation. Implement the above algorithm and compare the
+ elapsed execution time.</para>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/Prime/V2</para>
+ </annotation>
+
+ <para>This time we only need ~18% of the previous time:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">prime numbers found:664578
+Elapsed time:2639</programlisting>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1ConsoleInput">
+ <title>Java console input</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaConsoleInput">
+ <title>Reading console input</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Consider the following code example computing the sum of
+ an arbitrary number of integer values:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">import java.util.Scanner;
+
+public class Driver {
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+
+ final Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
+
+ System.out.print("How many values do you want to summ up? ");
+ final int numValues = scanner.nextInt();
+
+ int sum = 0;
+ for (int i = 0; i < numValues; i++) {
+ System.out.print("Enter value #" + (i + 1) + " of " + numValues + ": ");
+ sum += scanner.nextInt();
+ }
+ System.out.println("Sum=" + sum);
+ scanner.close();
+ }
+}</programlisting>
+
+ <para>This program:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Asks a user how many integer numbers shall be
+ processed. A user may enter e.g. 4 indicating his wish to
+ subsequently enter 4 numbers.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Actually read e.g. 4 input numbers and calculate
+ their sum.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>The result might look like:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">How many values do you want to summ up? 4
+Enter value #1 of 4: 11
+Enter value #2 of 4: 22
+Enter value #3 of 4: -33
+Enter value #4 of 4: 1
+Sum=1</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Modify this program to output not just the desired sum
+ but the complete input like in the following
+ representation:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">How many values do you want to summ up? 4
+Enter value #1 of 4: 1
+Enter value #2 of 4: 2
+Enter value #3 of 4: 3
+Enter value #4 of 4: -5
+<emphasis role="bold">1+2+3-5 = 1</emphasis></programlisting>
+
+ <para>Hints:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Use an integer array to store the user's input
+ values</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Mind the input values' signs: While positive or zero
+ values are not being represented with a leading
+ <quote>+</quote> sign negative values do have a preceding
+ <quote>-</quote> sign. With respect to the above example
+ you should avoid output representations like
+ <quote>1+2+3+-5</quote> for negative input values.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <programlisting language="java">import java.util.Scanner;
+
+public class Driver {
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+
+ final Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
+
+ System.out.print("How many values do you want to summ up? ");
+ final int numValues = scanner.nextInt();
+
+ // Allocate an array to store the desired number of integer values
+ final int[] inputValues = new int[numValues];
+ int sum = 0;
+ for (int i = 0; i < numValues; i++) {
+ System.out.print("Enter value #" + (i + 1) + " of " + numValues + ": ");
+ inputValues[i] = scanner.nextInt();
+ sum += inputValues[i];
+ }
+ // Write user input to console output
+ for (int i = 0; i < numValues - 1; i++) {// Omit the last element
+ System.out.print(inputValues[i]);
+ if (0 <= inputValues[i + 1]) { // Add a '+' sign if the subsequent number is positive or zero
+ System.out.print("+");
+ }
+ }
+ // Write the last element to console output
+ System.out.println(inputValues[numValues - 1] + " = " + sum);
+
+ scanner.close();
+ }
+}</programlisting>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1ArrayIIIExercises">
+ <title>Arrays III, Exercises</title>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1Median">
+ <title>The median of a given sample.</title>
+
+ <para>Read the <link
+ xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median">definition of a given
+ sample's median</link>.</para>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaMedian">
+ <title>Calculating the median</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>We want to extend exercise <xref
+ linkend="sd1QandaIntStoreStat"/> by adding a method
+ <methodname>int getMedian()</methodname>. For this purpose our
+ current implementation lacks ordering of input values.
+ Consider the following sample of values:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">2, 7, 0, -3, 4</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Obtaining the median requires ordering these
+ values:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">-3, 0, 2, 4, 7</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Thus the given sample's median is 2. Solve this exercise
+ in the following order:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>For testing and other purposes it is convenient to
+ provide an additional method returning the array of values
+ being added so far:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> /**
+ * @return The array of values entered so far
+ */
+ public int[] getValues() {
+ ...
+ return ...;
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <caution>
+ <para>Do not just return your internal array <code>int[]
+ values</code>! Due to the amortized doubling
+ implementation this will in most cases contain unused
+ positions on top of added values.</para>
+
+ <para>You may either construct a suitable copy
+ containing the current elements yourself or get
+ enlightened by reading the <xref linkend="glo_API"/>
+ documentation of <link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Arrays.html#copyOfRange-int:A-int-int-">copyOfRange(...)</link>.</para>
+ </caution>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Provide some tests to assure your sorting
+ implementation works well. You'll implement the actual
+ sorting in the next step. Right now testing for correct
+ sorting will fail (unless a given set of values had
+ already been added in ascending order). A test might look
+ like:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">final int[]
+ unsortedValues = {0, -1, 5, 2, 7, 6},
+ sortedValues = {-1, 0, 2, 5, 6, 7};
+
+IntegerStore store = new IntegerStore();
+
+for (final int i: unsortedValues) {
+ store.addValue(i);
+}
+
+// Now check your store for correctly sorted order of elements
+...</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Do not forget to consider value sets which include
+ duplicates and write tests accordingly!</para>
+
+ <para>Hint: The <xref linkend="glo_Junit"/> <xref
+ linkend="glo_framework"/> provides a (convenience) method
+ <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://junit.sourceforge.net/javadoc/org/junit/Assert.html#assertArrayEquals(int[],%20int[])">assertArrayEquals(...)</methodname>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Modify your<methodname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/integerStoreStat/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/IntegerStore.html#addValue-int-">
+ addValue(...)</methodname> method's implementation. Though
+ there are more elaborate sorting methods available in Java
+ we'll do it the hard way ourselves in this exercise.
+ Consider the following example:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">store.addValue(1);
+store.addValue(2);
+store.addValue(7);
+store.addValue(9);
+store.addValue(3);</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Prior to inserting a new value our <methodname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/integerStoreStat/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/IntegerStore.html#addValue-int-">addValue(...)</methodname>
+ method shall find a suitable position inside the array of
+ already added values to insert the new value. When adding
+ the last value 3 in the above example the internal array
+ already contains the values (1, 2, 7, 9). Traversing this
+ array shows that the new value of 3 should be inserted
+ between 2 and 7.</para>
+
+ <para>Thus a general strategy inserting a new value
+ candidate might be:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Find the first index pointing to an existing
+ value being larger or equal to the given candidate. In
+ the above example this index value is 2 pointing to
+ value 7.</para>
+
+ <para>If there is no such existing value just add the
+ new value at the array's top end like you did before
+ when not yet bothering about sorting.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Shift the <quote>right</quote> part of the array
+ starting at index 2 in our example one position to the
+ right thus creating a free (denoted by
+ <quote>F</quote>) insert position:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">Index values | 0| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| ...
+-----------------+--+--+--+--+-----+ ...
+values oldArray | 1| 2| 7| 9| | |
+-----------------+--+--+--+--+-----+ ...
+values newArray | 1| 2| F| 7| 9| | ...</programlisting>
+
+ <para>You may now insert your latest value 3 at the
+ free index position 2 ending up with a well sorted
+ array (1, 2, 3, 7, 9).</para>
+
+ <para>This example just illustrates a (very simple!)
+ sorting algorithm.</para>
+
+ <para>Hint: On implementation be very careful with
+ respect to <quote>off by one</quote> errors you are
+ likely to encounter. The tests you have written
+ beforehand will guide you.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Provide a constructor <code>public
+ IntegerStore(final int[] values)</code> in a meaningful
+ way with respect to median calculations.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Add a dummy implementation <methodname>double
+ getMedian()</methodname>{return 0;} to your class
+ <classname>IntegerStore</classname> from exercise <xref
+ linkend="sd1QandaIntStoreStat"/>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Provide some tests both for even and uneven sample
+ sizes. All of these will probably fail till you complete
+ your implementation.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Finally complete the desired <code>double
+ getMedian()</code> method's implementation and actually
+ test it. There must be at least one element in order to be
+ able returning a meaningful result:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> /**
+ *<dl>
+ <dt><b>Precondition:</b></dt>
+ <dd>There must be at least one element.</dd>
+ </dl>
+ *
+ * @return The sample's median.
+ */
+ public double getMedian() {
+ ...
+ return ... ;
+ }</programlisting>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>With respect to <xref linkend="sd1ConsoleInput"/>
+ write a main method asking the user for an arbitrary
+ number of values. Then compute both their average and
+ median like:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">How big is your sample? 5
+
+Enter value #1 of 5: 1
+Enter value #2 of 5: -2
+Enter value #3 of 5: 1
+Enter value #4 of 5: 5
+Enter value #5 of 5: 2
+
+Your sample's average is: 1.4
+Your sample's median is: 1.0</programlisting>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/Array/integerStoreMedianAnswer</para>
+ </annotation>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The <link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Arrays.html#copyOfRange-int:A-int-int-">copyOfRange(...)</link>
+ method in <methodname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/integerStoreMedianAnswer/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/IntegerStore.html#getValues--">getValues()</methodname>
+ returns that portion of our <code>int[] values</code>
+ array which had actually been filled with data.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Provide some tests to assure your sorting
+ implementation works well. You'll implement the actual
+ sorting in the next step. Right now testing for correct
+ sorting will fail (unless a given set of values had
+ already been added in ascending order). A test might look
+ like:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">final int[]
+ unsortedValues = {0, -1, 5, 2, 7, 6},
+ sortedValues = {-1, 0, 2, 5, 6, 7};
+
+IntegerStore store = new IntegerStore();
+
+for (final int i: unsortedValues) {
+ store.addValue(i);
+}
+
+// Now check your store for correctly sorted order of elements
+...</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Do not forget to consider value sets which include
+ duplicates and write tests accordingly!</para>
+
+ <para>Hint: The <xref linkend="glo_Junit"/> <xref
+ linkend="glo_framework"/> provides a (convenient) method
+ <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://junit.sourceforge.net/javadoc/org/junit/Assert.html#assertArrayEquals(int[],%20int[])">assertArrayEquals(...)</methodname>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Modify your<methodname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/integerStoreStat/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/IntegerStore.html#addValue-int-">
+ addValue(...)</methodname> method's implementation. Though
+ there are more elaborate sorting methods available in Java
+ we'll do it the hard way ourselves in this exercise.
+ Consider the following example:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">store.addValue(1);
+store.addValue(2);
+store.addValue(7);
+store.addValue(9);
+store.addValue(3);</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Prior to inserting a new value our <methodname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/integerStoreStat/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/IntegerStore.html#addValue-int-">addValue(...)</methodname>
+ method shall find a suitable position inside the array of
+ already added values to insert the new value. When adding
+ the last value 3 in the above example the internal array
+ already contains the values (1, 2, 7, 9). Traversing this
+ array shows that the new value of 3 should be inserted
+ between 2 and 7.</para>
+
+ <para>Thus a general strategy inserting a new value
+ candidate might be:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Find the first index pointing to an existing
+ value being larger or equal to the given candidate. In
+ the above example this index value is 2 pointing to
+ value 7.</para>
+
+ <para>If there is no such existing value just add the
+ new value at the array's top as you did without
+ bothering about sorting.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Shift the <quote>right</quote> part of the array
+ starting at index 2 in our example one position to the
+ right thus creating a free (denoted by
+ <quote>F</quote>) insert position:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">Index values | 0| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| ...
+-----------------+--+--+--+--+-----+ ...
+values oldArray | 1| 2| 7| 9| | |
+-----------------+--+--+--+--+-----+ ...
+values newArray | 1| 2| F| 7| 9| | ...</programlisting>
+
+ <para>You may now insert your latest value 3 at the
+ free index position 2 ending up with a well sorted
+ array (1, 2, 3, 7, 9).</para>
+
+ <para>This example just illustrates a (very simple!)
+ sorting algorithm.</para>
+
+ <para>Hint: On implementation be very careful with
+ respect to <quote>off by one</quote> errors you are
+ likely to encounter. The tests you have written
+ beforehand will guide you.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The constructor <methodname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/integerStoreMedianAnswer/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/IntegerStore.html#IntegerStore-int:A-">public
+ IntegerStore(final int[] values)</methodname> internally
+ uses our <methodname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/integerStoreMedianAnswer/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/IntegerStore.html#addValue-int-">addValue(...)</methodname>
+ method thus adding each array value one by one. Consider
+ an alternative naive implementation:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public IntegerStore(final int[] values) {
+ this.values = values;
+ } </programlisting>
+
+ <para>This will fail in most cases since the array
+ parameter typically contains unsorted values.</para>
+
+ <para>Having this constructor in place also simplifies
+ writing tests:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">...
+ @Test
+ public void testMedian() {
+ IntegerStore store = new IntegerStore(new int[] {2, 7, 0, -3, 4});
+ assertArrayEquals(new int[] {-3, 0, 2, 4, 7}, store.getValues());
+ assertTrue(Math.abs(2. - store.getMedian()) < 1.E-10);
+...</programlisting>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>-</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <programlisting language="java"> @Test
+ public void testMedian() {
+ IntegerStore store = new IntegerStore(new int[] {2, 7, 0, -3, 4});
+ assertArrayEquals(new int[] {-3, 0, 2, 4, 7}, store.getValues());
+ assertTrue(Math.abs(2. - store.getMedian()) < 1.E-10);
+
+ store.addValue(7);
+ assertArrayEquals(new int[] {-3, 0, 2, 4, 7, 7}, store.getValues());
+ assertTrue(Math.abs(3. - store.getMedian()) < 1.E-10);
+
+ store.addValue(7);
+ assertArrayEquals(new int[] {-3, 0, 2, 4, 7, 7, 7}, store.getValues());
+ assertTrue(Math.abs(4. - store.getMedian()) < 1.E-50);
+
+ store.addValue(6);
+ assertArrayEquals(new int[] {-3, 0, 2, 4, 6, 7, 7, 7}, store.getValues());
+ assertTrue(Math.abs(5. - store.getMedian()) < 1.E-50);
+ }</programlisting>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para><methodname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/integerStoreMedianAnswer/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/IntegerStore.html#getMedian--">double
+ getMedian()</methodname></para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para><methodname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/integerStoreMedianAnswer/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/main/Driver.html#main-java.lang.String:A-">main(...)</methodname></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="plottingFunctions">
+ <title>Plotting functions</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="qandaPlottingFunctions">
+ <title>A simple character based plotting application</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Implement a class to plot e.g. sin(x) in a terminal like
+ e.g.:</para>
+
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="Ref/Screen/sinPlot.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/plot</para>
+ </annotation>
+
+ <para>The above solution contains a variant using Java 8
+ Lambda expressions which allow to supply functions as
+ arguments to the plotting facility. This second solution will
+ not be covered in the current lecture but you may catch a
+ glimpse of upcoming topics in "Softwareentwicklung 2".</para>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1PrepStrings">
+ <title>String instances (1.12.)</title>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Read the section on <link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/environment/cmdLineArgs.html">command
+ line arguments</link> and execute the given examples.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Read the <link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String
+ <xref linkend="glo_API"/></link>. Try to understand methods
+ concerning:</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Comparing strings lexicographically or testing for
+ equality? How does this relate to the <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#equals-java.lang.Object-">equals()</methodname>
+ method you read about in chapter 6 of <xref
+ linkend="bib_Horton2011"/>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Searching for sub strings in a given string i.e. testing,
+ whether e.g. <quote>keeper</quote> is part of
+ <quote>goalkeeper</quote>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1StringExercise">
+ <title>Exercises</title>
+
+ <section xml:id="greenfootConfigureEclipse">
+ <title>Developing <xref linkend="glo_Greenfoot"/> applications using
+ the <xref linkend="glo_Eclipse"/> <xref linkend="glo_IDE"/>.</title>
+
+ <para>Steps being described in this section are optional and only
+ required if you like to develop <xref linkend="glo_Greenfoot"/>
+ applications using <xref linkend="glo_Eclipse"/>.</para>
+
+ <para>When using the <xref linkend="glo_Greenfoot"/> <xref
+ linkend="glo_IDE"/> your <xref linkend="glo_Java"/> code uses services
+ from the underlying <productname>Greenfoot</productname> <xref
+ linkend="glo_framework"/> which in turn uses another framework called
+ <xref linkend="glo_BlueJ"/>. If you want to use <xref
+ linkend="glo_Eclipse"/> for <xref linkend="glo_Greenfoot"/>
+ development based on <xref linkend="glo_Maven"/> you have to define
+ <xref linkend="glo_Greenfoot"/> within the project's <xref
+ linkend="glo_pom.xml"/> file's dependency section. You must provide
+ both dependencies (at least locally on your workstation):</para>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Locally install <xref linkend="glo_BlueJ"/>
+ dependencies</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Download <uri
+ xlink:href="http://www.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/freedocs/topic/de.hdm_stuttgart.mi.swd1/Ref/api/P/Maven/bluej/eclipse.zip">http://www.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/freedocs/topic/de.hdm_stuttgart.mi.swd1/Ref/api/P/Maven/bluej/eclipse.zip</uri>
+ and unzip it to a subfolder <filename>Bluej</filename>. Import
+ this Folder as a Maven project into <xref
+ linkend="glo_Eclipse"/> and right click on pom.xml choosing
+ <guisubmenu>mvn install</guisubmenu>. This will compile the
+ sources and install <xref linkend="glo_BlueJ"/> into your local
+ <xref linkend="glo_Maven"/> repository below
+ <filename>yourHomeDirPath/.m2</filename>.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Locally install <xref linkend="glo_Greenfoot"/>
+ dependencies</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Repeat the previous step for <uri
+ xlink:href="http://www.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/freedocs/topic/de.hdm_stuttgart.mi.swd1/Ref/api/P/Maven/greenfoot/eclipse.zip">http://www.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/freedocs/topic/de.hdm_stuttgart.mi.swd1/Ref/api/P/Maven/greenfoot/eclipse.zip</uri>
+ using a subfolder <filename>Greenfoot</filename>.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Adding <xref linkend="glo_Maven"/> dependency to your
+ <productname>Greenfoot</productname> game project</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>You may now create your own <xref
+ linkend="glo_Greenfoot"/> Maven <xref linkend="glo_Eclipse"/>
+ project by adding the newly created <xref
+ linkend="glo_Greenfoot"/> Maven artifact as a project
+ dependency:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">...
+ <dependencies>
+ ...
+ <emphasis role="bold"><dependency>
+ <groupId>de.hdm-stuttgart.mi</groupId>
+ <artifactId>greenfoot</artifactId>
+ <version>2.3.0</version>
+ </dependency></emphasis>
+ </dependencies>...</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Due to <xref linkend="glo_Greenfoot"/>'s simplicity and in
+ contrast to common <xref linkend="glo_Java"/> <quote>best
+ practice</quote> you'll off course have to create all classes
+ inside the <quote>default</quote> package ignoring or
+ suppressing related compiler warnings.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+
+ <caution>
+ <para>Caveat: Windows and Mac users may require further
+ configuration described below.</para>
+ </caution>
+
+ <para>On Windows you'll have to instruct <xref linkend="glo_Eclipse"/>
+ to use a <xref linkend="glo_JDK"/> and not just a <xref
+ linkend="glo_JRE"/> (being the default). Whenever you install a <xref
+ linkend="glo_JDK"/> (like <link
+ xlink:href="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jdk8-downloads-2133151.html">JDK
+ 1.8.0</link>) on Windows a so called private <xref linkend="glo_JRE"/>
+ is being installed as well by default as well:</para>
+
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="Ref/Screen/EclipseConfig/windowsCmdJdkJre.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+
+ <para>The problem: A library tools.jar being required by <xref
+ linkend="glo_BlueJ"/> is part of a <xref linkend="glo_JDK"/> but not
+ of a <xref linkend="glo_JRE"/>. Different resolutions are being
+ subsequently listed in descending order of ugliness (authors
+ opinion):</para>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Explicitly defining the <xref linkend="glo_JDK"/> in
+ <xref linkend="glo_Eclipse"/></glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Modify <filename>eclipse.ini</filename> in your <xref
+ linkend="glo_Eclipse"/> root installation directory pointing to
+ a <xref linkend="glo_JDK"/> in favour of the <xref
+ linkend="glo_JRE"/> default. The highlighted lines must appear
+ <emphasis role="bold">before</emphasis> any
+ <option>-vmargs</option> options.</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">...
+-showsplash
+org.eclipse.platform
+--launcher.XXMaxPermSize
+256m
+--launcher.defaultAction
+openFile
+--launcher.appendVmargs
+<emphasis role="bold">-vm
+C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_25\bin/javaw
+</emphasis>-vmargs
+-Dosgi.requiredJavaVersion=1.6
+-Xms40m
+-Xmx2048m</programlisting>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Fix <envar>JAVA_HOME</envar></glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Define the environment variable <envar>JAVA_HOME</envar>
+ on operating system level pointing to your <xref
+ linkend="glo_JDK"/> of choice's root directory:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none"><emphasis role="bold">set JAVA_HOME=C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_25</emphasis></programlisting>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Setting a static path in <xref
+ linkend="glo_pom.xml"/></glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Explicitly set the required dependencies fully qualified
+ pathname in each <xref linkend="glo_pom.xml"/>:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none"><dependency>
+ <groupId>com.sun</groupId>
+ <artifactId>tools</artifactId>
+ <version>1.8.0</version>
+ <scope>system</scope>
+ <emphasis role="bold"><systemPath>C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_25\lib\tools.jar</systemPath></emphasis>
+ </dependency></programlisting>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+
+ <para>Needless to mention these path settings have to be revised
+ accordingly whenever your <xref linkend="glo_JDK"/> receives an update
+ to e.g. <xref linkend="glo_JDK"/> 1.8.0_31. The author humbly welcomes
+ any advice towards a better solution.</para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1LifeWorld">
+ <title>Creating the Game of life's world</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaLifeWorld">
+ <title>Creating the <quote
+ xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway's_Game_of_Life">Game
+ of Life</quote>'s world</title>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Exporting to your separate
+ <productname>Greenfoot</productname> environment</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>As soon as you actually want to run your game copy all
+ Java files from your <xref linkend="glo_Eclipse"/> project to
+ your <productname>Greenfoot</productname> environment. A
+ graphical file manager might assist you or you may simply use
+ shell commands (You'll need to do this next term in
+ <quote>Operating Systems</quote> anyway) like e.g.:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">goik@goiki:~$ cd ~/workspace/life/src/main/java
+goik@goiki:~/workspace/life/src/main/java$ ls
+Cell.java CellState.java LifeWorld.java
+goik@goiki:~/workspace/life/src/main/java$ cp *.java ~/my-scenarios/Life</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Then hit <quote>compile</quote> inside
+ <productname>Greenfoot</productname> to refresh and start your
+ game</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Create a <productname>Greenfoot</productname> world
+ class and a dummy representation for cells representing <link
+ xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway's_Game_of_Life">Conway's
+ Game of Life</link>:</para>
+
+ <screenshot>
+ <info>
+ <title>World and Actor classes representing Conway's Game
+ of Life</title>
+ </info>
+
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/gameOfLifeWorld.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </screenshot>
+
+ <para>The above example shows a grid of 50 * 50 cells each
+ having a size of 10 pixel. In preparation for subsequent
+ exercises each cell shall have two possible states namely
+ <quote>dead</quote> or <quote>alive</quote>. In this exercise
+ we only deal with the game's initialization. So transitions
+ <quote>dead</quote> --> <quote>alive</quote> or vice versa
+ will not occur. But your implementation should already be
+ prepared to allow such transitions.</para>
+
+ <para>You may follow these steps:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Create a new <productname>Greenfoot</productname>
+ world class <classname>LifeWorld</classname> of
+ configurable width and height and an actor class
+ <classname>Cell</classname>. Choose an arbitrary image
+ representing cells. The image is actually irrelevant since
+ our application will replace it by filled white or black
+ rectangles anyway representing cells being dead or alive.
+ So the blue dot in the above screenshot left of
+ <quote>Cell</quote> in the <quote>Actor classes</quote>
+ pane will never get visualized.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Create your world's horizontal and vertical red
+ lines. Hints:</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The method <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://www.greenfoot.org/files/javadoc/greenfoot/World.html#getBackground()">getBackground()</methodname>
+ allows you to access your world's background
+ representation as an instance of class <classname
+ xlink:href="http://www.greenfoot.org/files/javadoc/greenfoot/GreenfootImage.html">GreenfootImage</classname>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>You may add lines to <classname
+ xlink:href="http://www.greenfoot.org/files/javadoc/greenfoot/GreenfootImage.html">GreenfootImage</classname>
+ instances by calling <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://www.greenfoot.org/files/javadoc/greenfoot/GreenfootImage.html#drawLine(int,%20int,%20int,%20int)">drawLine(...)</methodname>
+ after choosing a desired color by calling i.e.
+ <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://www.greenfoot.org/files/javadoc/greenfoot/GreenfootImage.html#setColor(java.awt.Color)">setColor(Color.red)</methodname>.
+ You may experiment a little bit by drawing some
+ example lines before eventually creating horizontal
+ and vertical grid lines using loops.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Use the constructor <classname
+ xlink:href="http://www.greenfoot.org/files/javadoc/greenfoot/GreenfootImage.html#GreenfootImage(int,%20int)">GreenfootImage(int
+ width, int height)</classname> to create colored
+ rectangles representing cells:</para>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>black</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Cell is alive</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>white (=invisible)</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Cell is dead</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+
+ <para>The <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://www.greenfoot.org/files/javadoc/greenfoot/Actor.html#setImage(greenfoot.GreenfootImage)">setImage()</methodname>
+ method allows defining these images to represent your
+ cells thereby replacing the original
+ <productname>Greenfoot</productname> definition from class
+ <classname>Cell</classname> creation time.</para>
+
+ <para>Watch out for appropriate spacing. Your cells should
+ not interfere with the grid's red lines. They have to be a
+ little smaller to fit in the <quote>empty</quote>
+ space.</para>
+
+ <para>When creating cells initialize a configurable
+ percentage in state alive. In the above screenshot 25% of
+ all cells are alive when starting the game. You may use a
+ boolean variable to indicate a cell's two possible states
+ but a dedicated <classname>Enum CellState</classname> will
+ improve your code's readability.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Your world will consist of a two dimensional grid
+ containing width * height cells. In the above example we
+ have 50 * 50 == 2500 cells. Arrange your cells in a one
+ dimensional array of size width * height. Then implement
+ the following method linking these cells' index values to
+ x- and y-coordinates:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> <emphasis role="bold">/**
+ * Turn (x|y) coordinates into linear cell array index
+ * values ranging from 0 to (width * height - 1).
+ *
+ * Consider a simplified example of an array having width = 4 and
+ * height = 3:
+ *
+ * {(0|0) (1|0) (2|0) (3|0)} --> Linear array Index values {0, 1, 2, 3}
+ * {(0|1) (1|1) (2|1) (4|1)} --> Linear array Index values {4, 5, 6, 7}
+ * {(0|2) (1|2) (2|2) (4|2)} --> Linear array Index values {8, 9, 10, 11}
+ *
+ * @param x horizontal position in cell coordinates
+ * @param y vertical position in cell coordinates
+ * @return The linear array index.
+ */</emphasis>
+ private int getCellIndex(int x, int y) {
+ ...
+ return ...;
+ }</programlisting>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/life/V1</para>
+ </annotation>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+ </chapter>
+
+
diff --git a/Doc/Sd1/class.xml b/Doc/Sd1/class.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9330cd6f48ac8719035e96248ddba344cd25193
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/Sd1/class.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,925 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<chapter version="5.0" xml:id="sd1ClassesInstancesState"
+ xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
+ xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+ xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
+ xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+ xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
+ xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+ xmlns:db="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook">
+ <title>Lecture 5 - Classes, instances and internal state (20.10)</title>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1CrabsEnhancePrepare">
+ <title>Preparations</title>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Read Chapter 5 from <xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/> excluding
+ the sections <quote>Recursion</quote> and <quote>Nested
+ classes</quote>. Carefully read the explanations regarding:</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>static vs. non-static methods and fields.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>the <code>final</code> keyword's meaning.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The way a garbage collector works.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1GeometryClasses">
+ <title>Dealing with geometry classes</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1ImplementRectangle">
+ <title>Rectangles</title>
+
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Complete the the following class
+ <classname>Rectangle</classname>'s dummy implementation:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">/**
+ * Representing rectangular shapes.
+ *
+ */
+public class Rectangle {
+
+ /**
+ *
+ * @param width The rectangle's width
+ * @param heigth The rectangle's height
+ */
+ public Rectangle (double width, double heigth) {
+ //TODO
+ }
+ /**
+ * @return The rectangle's area.
+ */
+ public double getArea() {
+ return 0; // TODO
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * @return The rectangle's perimeter.
+ */
+ public double getPerimeter() {
+ return 0; // TODO
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * @return The rectangle's width.
+ */
+ public double getWidth() {
+ return 0; // TODO
+ }
+ /**
+ * @param width The rectangle's new width
+ */
+ public void setWidth(double width) {
+ // TODO
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * @return The rectangle's height.
+ */
+ public double getHeight() {
+ return 0; // TODO
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * @param width The rectangle's new height
+ */
+ public void setHeight(double height) {
+ // TODO
+ }
+}</programlisting>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <para>First we define two instance (= non-static) variables
+ representing a <classname>Rectangle</classname>'s two parameters
+ <code>width</code> and <code>height</code>:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">public class Rectangle {
+
+ // Instance variables representing a rectangle's parameters
+ private double width, height;
+...
+}</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Next we might allow to change these two parameters:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">public class Rectangle {
+
+ // Instance variables representing a rectangle's parameters
+ private double width, height;
+
+...
+ public void setWidth(double w) {
+ <emphasis role="bold">width = w;</emphasis>
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * @return The rectangle's height.
+ */
+ public void setHeight(double height) {
+ <emphasis role="bold">this.height = height;</emphasis>
+ }
+...
+}</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Notice the subtle difference in the implementation of
+ setWidth(...) and setHeight(...):</para>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><methodname>setWidth(double
+ w)</methodname></glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>We use the formal parameter name <quote>w</quote>. Its
+ name does not conflict with the instance variable name
+ <quote>width</quote> being defined at class level. We can
+ simply assign this value to our corresponding instance
+ variable using <code>width = w;</code>.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><methodname>setHeight(double
+ height)</methodname></glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>The method's formal parameter <quote>height</quote>
+ shadows the instance variable's name being defined at class
+ level. We need the <quote>this</quote> keyword in
+ <code>this.height = height;</code> to resolve the
+ ambiguity.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+
+ <para>Both ways are perfectly legal. We continue our
+ implementation:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">/**
+ * Representing rectangular shapes.
+ *
+ */
+public class Rectangle {
+
+ // Instance variables representing a rectangle's parameters
+ private double width, height;
+
+ /**
+ *
+ * @param width The rectangle's width
+ * @param heigth The rectangle's height
+ */
+ public Rectangle (double width, double height) {
+ setWidth(width);
+ setHeight(height);
+ }
+ /**
+ * @return The rectangle's area.
+ */
+ public double getArea() {
+ return width * height;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * @return The rectangle's perimeter.
+ */
+ public double getPerimeter() {
+ return 2 * (width + height);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * @return The rectangle's width.
+ */
+ public double getWidth() {
+ return width;
+ }
+ /**
+ * @param width The rectangle's new width
+ */
+ public void setWidth(double w) {
+ width = w;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * @return The rectangle's height.
+ */
+ public double getHeight() {
+ return height;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * @param width The rectangle's new height
+ */
+ public void setHeight(double height) {
+ this.height = height;
+ }
+}</programlisting>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandaset>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="qandasetGeometry">
+ <title>Circles</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Complete the the following class
+ <classname>Circle</classname>'s dummy implementation:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">package step1.dummy;
+
+/**
+ * A circle of given radius
+ *
+ */
+public class Circle {
+
+ /**
+ * A new circle
+ *
+ * @param radius
+ * The desired radius.
+ */
+ public Circle(double radius) {
+ // TODO
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * @return The circle's area.
+ */
+ public double getArea() {
+ return 0; // TODO
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * @return The circle's perimeter.
+ */
+ public double getPerimeter() {
+ return 0; // TODO
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * @return The circle's radius.
+ */
+ public double getRadius() {
+ return 0; // TODO
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * @param radius
+ * Setting the circle's radius to a new value.
+ */
+ public void setRadius(double radius) {
+ // TODO
+ }
+}</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Instances of this class shall be usable in the following
+ fashion:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">public class Driver {
+
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ Circle c = new Circle(2.3);
+ System.out.println("Radius:" + c.getRadius());
+ System.out.println("Perimeter:" + c.getPerimeter());
+ System.out.println("Area:" + c.getArea());
+
+ // Changing the circle's radius to a different value
+ c.setRadius(4.7);
+ System.out.println("Radius:" + c.getRadius());
+ System.out.println("Perimeter:" + c.getPerimeter());
+ System.out.println("Area:" + c.getArea());
+ }
+}</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Hint: Obviously you'll have to define an instance variable
+ within Circle to keep track of its current radius value. All
+ methods mentioned above simply depend on this single value.</para>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <para>We define an instance variable radius inside our class
+ <classname>Circle</classname>:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">
+public class Circle {
+
+ double radius;
+...
+}</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Next we implement our method to change a circle's
+ radius:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public void setRadius(double r) {
+ radius = r;
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Note that we have chosen a different value for the method's
+ formal radius parameter to be <quote>r</quote> rather than
+ <quote>radius</quote>. Many people prefer to use radius here
+ making it easier for a programmer to recognize the expected name
+ in the generated javadoc:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public void setRadius(double radius) {
+ <emphasis role="bold">this.</emphasis>radius = radius;
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>This requires the usage of the <code>this</code> keyword to
+ distinguish the formal parameter in <methodname>setRadius(double
+ radius)</methodname> from the instance variable previously being
+ defined within our class <classname>Circle</classname>. In other
+ words: We have to resolve a name shadowing conflict.</para>
+
+ <para>The rest of the implementation is (quite) straightforward. A
+ complete class reads:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">package step1;
+
+/**
+ * A circle of given radius
+ *
+ */
+public class Circle {
+
+ double radius;
+
+ /**
+ * A new circle
+ * @param radius The desired radius.
+ */
+ public Circle(double radius) {
+ setRadius(radius);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * @return The circle's area.
+ */
+ public double getArea() {
+ return radius * radius * Math.PI;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * @return The circle's perimeter.
+ */
+ public double getPerimeter() {
+ return 2 * Math.PI * radius;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * @return The circle's radius.
+ */
+ public double getRadius() {
+ return radius;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * @param radius Setting the circle's radius to a new value.
+ */
+ public void setRadius(double radius) {
+ this.radius = radius;
+ }
+}</programlisting>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Our current Circle and Rectangle instances are only shapes
+ yet and do not allow to be moved in a coordinate system:</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Add two more instance variables x and y and
+ corresponding setter methods to account for a shapes origin
+ being different from (0,0). The following hint may be
+ helpful:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> /**
+ * @param x The circle's x center coordinate value
+ */
+ public void setX(double x) {
+ // TODO
+ }
+ /**
+ * @param x The circle's x center coordinate value
+ */
+ public void setY(double y) {
+ // TODO
+ }</programlisting>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>We would like Rectangle and Circle instances to be
+ visualized as <acronym>SVG</acronym> graphics. Add a method
+ <methodname>void writeSvg()</methodname> to both classes which
+ allows for <acronym>SVG</acronym> code export to standard
+ output. You may want to read the w3schools <link
+ xlink:href="http://www.w3schools.com/svg/svg_rect.asp">rectangle</link>
+ and <link
+ xlink:href="http://www.w3schools.com/svg/svg_circle.asp">circle</link>
+ examples. Use System.out.println(...) calls to create the
+ desired <acronym>SVG</acronym> output. You may need
+ <code>\"</code> to represent double quotes as in the
+ subsequent example:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">System.out.println("<rect width=\"20\"" ...</programlisting>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>The following code snippet may serve to illustrate the
+ intended use of <methodname>void writeSvg()</methodname>:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">public class Driver {
+
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+
+ System.out.println("<!DOCTYPE html><html><body>");
+ System.out.println(" <svg width='300' height='200' >");
+
+ // Draw a rectangle as SVG
+ final Rectangle r = new Rectangle(5, 4);
+ r.setX(2);
+ r.setY(1);
+ r.writeSvg();
+
+ // Draw a circle as SVG
+ final Circle c = new Circle(1, 1, 3);
+ c.setX(3);
+ c.setY(1);
+ c.writeSvg();
+ System.out.println(" </svg >");
+ System.out.println("</body></html>");
+ }
+}</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Implement the method <methodname>void
+ writeSvg()</methodname> in both classes
+ <classname>Rectangle</classname> and
+ <classname>Circle</classname>. This should produce an output
+ result like:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"><!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+ <body>
+ <svg width='300' height='200' >
+ <emphasis role="bold"><rect width='100.0' height='80.0' x='40.0' y='20.0'' style='fill:rgb(0,255,0);stroke-width:3;stroke:rgb(0,0,0)'/></emphasis>
+ <emphasis role="bold"><circle r='60.0' cx='60.0' cy='20.0' style='fill:rgb(0,0,255);stroke-width:3;stroke:rgb(0,0,0)'/></emphasis>
+ </svg >
+ </body>
+</html></programlisting>
+
+ <para>You may enter this output into a file sfg.html. A web
+ browser should visualize this output as:</para>
+
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/svgGeometry.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <programlisting language="java"> private double x, y, width, height;
+ ...
+ /**
+ * @param x The rectangle's x center coordinate value
+ */
+ public void setX(double x) {
+ this.x = x;
+ }
+ /**
+ * @param x The rectangle's x center coordinate value
+ */
+ public void setY(double y) {
+ this.y = y;
+ }
+
+public void writeSvg() {
+ final int scale = 20;
+ System.out.println(
+ "<rect width='" + scale * width +"' height='" + scale * height +
+ "' x='" + scale * x + "'" + " y='" + scale * y + "'" +
+ "' style='fill:rgb(0,255,0);stroke-width:3;stroke:rgb(0,0,0)'/>");
+ }
+}</programlisting>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">public class Circle {
+
+ double x, y, radius;
+...
+
+ /**
+ * @param x The circle's x center coordinate value
+ */
+ public void setX(double x) {
+ this.x = x;
+ }
+ /**
+ * @param x The circle's x center coordinate value
+ */
+ public void setY(double y) {
+ this.y = y;
+ }
+
+public void writeSvg() {
+ final int scale = 20;
+
+ System.out.println(
+ "<circle r='" + scale * radius +
+ "' cx='" + scale * x + "'" + " cy='" + scale * y +
+ "' style='fill:rgb(0,0,255);stroke-width:3;stroke:rgb(0,0,0)'/>");
+
+ }
+}</programlisting>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section version="5.0" xml:id="sd1InterestCalculator">
+ <title>Lecture 5 - A simple interest calculator (22.10.)</title>
+
+ <!--
+ <para>See compressed eclipse project account.zip in <link
+ xlink:href="https://cloud.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/owncloud/public.php?service=files&t=df9f296af3298f96361a15a679390e59">subfolder
+ 06</link>. This example illustrates the following concepts:</para>
+-->
+
+ <para>Consider the following implementation of an interest
+ calculator:</para>
+
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/interest/V1</para>
+ </annotation>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Instance versus class variables and methods</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Examples:</para>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Instance variables and methods, non-static
+ declaration</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para><code>private double balance</code>, <code>public void
+ setBalance(double balance)</code></para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Class variables and methods, static
+ declaration</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para><code>private static double </code>interestRate,
+ <code>public static void setInterestRate(double
+ z)</code></para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+
+ <para>For both categories see <xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/>,
+ chapter 5, <quote>Fields in a Class Definition</quote> and
+ <quote>Methods in a Class Definition</quote>.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Formal parameter names and variable scopes</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <programlisting language="java"> /**
+ * Setting the interest rate common to all accounts.
+ *
+ * @param z
+ * the desired (global) interest rate.
+ */
+ public static void setInterestRate(double z) { // Scope of variable "z" limited is just the next block {...},
+ interestRate = z; // in contrast interestRate has class scope.
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>The formal variable's name <quote><code>z</code></quote> may
+ be <emphasis>consistently</emphasis> renamed to any other legal,
+ non-conflicting value like
+ <quote><code>myFunnyVariableName</code></quote>:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static void setInterestRate(double myFunnyVariableName) {
+ interestRate = myFunnyVariableName;
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Name shadowing conflicts can be resolved by using the keyword
+ <emphasis><code>this</code></emphasis> <coref
+ linkend="sd1ListingThis"/>:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">public class Konto {
+...
+ private double balance; <emphasis role="bold">// variable "stand" being shadowed inside body of setStand(...)</emphasis>
+...
+ public void setStand(double stand) {
+ if (balance <= 10000) {
+ <emphasis role="bold">this</emphasis>.balance <co
+ xml:id="sd1ListingThis"/> = balance; // "this" required to resolve name shadowing conflict
+ // by formal parameter name "double balance".
+ } else {
+ System.out.println("Balance" + balance + " exceeds " + 10000);
+ }
+ }
+...
+}</programlisting>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Access restrictions public / private / protected to
+ attributes and methods</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <programlisting language="java">public class Account {
+
+ <emphasis role="bold">private</emphasis> static double // Visible for class methods only
+ interestRate = 1.5;
+...
+ <emphasis role="bold">public</emphasis> void applyInterest() { // Externally visible
+ balance = balance * (1 + interestRate / 100);
+ }
+...</programlisting>
+
+ <para>See <xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/>, chapter 5,
+ <quote>CONTROLLING ACCESS TO CLASS MEMBERS</quote>.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Method overloading</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Example:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">public class Account {
+
+ public Account() { // Default Constructor without any parameter
+ setBalance(0);
+ }
+...
+ public Account(double balance) { // <emphasis role="bold">Overloaded</emphasis> non-default constructor creating an account
+ setBalance(balance); // with (possibly) non-zero balance.
+ }
+...
+ public void applyInterest() { // Just one year
+ balance = balance *
+ (1 + interestRate / 100);
+ }
+...
+ public void applyInterest(int years) { // <emphasis role="bold">Overloaded</emphasis> method allowing for different time periods.
+ balance = balance *
+ Math.pow((1 + interestRate / 100), years);
+ }
+...
+}</programlisting>
+
+ <para>See <xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/>, chapter 5, <quote>METHOD
+ OVERLOADING</quote>.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Use of standard mathematical functions</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <programlisting language="java">Math.pow((1 + interestRate / 100), years)</programlisting>
+
+ <para>See <xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/>, chapter 2,
+ <quote>MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS AND CONSTANTS</quote>.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1VariableExercises">
+ <title>Extending our interest calculator</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaExtendInterest">
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Our current <code>Account</code> class does not handle
+ negative balances accordingly. Typically banks will charge a
+ different interest rate whenever an account is in debt i.e. having
+ a negative balance. In this case a second so called default
+ interest rate (being significantly higher) will be applied.</para>
+
+ <para>Extend the current project by adding a new instance variable
+ <varname>defaultInterestRate</varname> along with getter and
+ setter methods. Then change the implementation of
+ <code>applyInterest()</code> and <code>applyInterest(int
+ years)</code> by using the correct interest value according to the
+ account's balance being positive or negative.</para>
+
+ <caution>
+ <para>Do not forget to change the <command>Javadoc</command>
+ comments accordingly!</para>
+ </caution>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/interest/V2</para>
+ </annotation>
+
+ <para>We introduce a new variable <code>defaultInterestRate</code>
+ to cover negative balance values:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> private static double
+ interestRate = 1.5, // applied to positive balances
+ <emphasis role="bold">defaultInterestRate = 15.; // applied to negative balances</emphasis></programlisting>
+
+ <para>We need the appropriate getter and setter methods in
+ <classname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/interest/V2/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/interest/Account.html">Account</classname>:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> /**
+ * @return
+ * the current default interest rate value.
+ */
+ public static double <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/interest/V2/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/interest/Account.html#getDefaultInterestRate--">getDefaultInterestRate()</link> {
+ return defaultInterestRate;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * This interest rate will be applied to negative balances. In contrast
+ * {{@link #setInterestRate(double)} will handle positive balance values.
+ *
+ * @param defaultInterestRate
+ * the desired default interest rate value.
+ */
+ public static void <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/interest/V2/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/interest/Account.html#setDefaultInterestRate-double-">setDefaultInterestRate(double defaultInterestRate)</link> {
+ Account.defaultInterestRate = defaultInterestRate;
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>The computed interest depends on positive or negative
+ balance values:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public void applyInterest(int years) {
+ if (0 < balance) {
+ balance = balance * Math.pow((1 + interestRate / 100), years) ;
+ } else if (balance < 0){
+ balance = balance * Math.pow((1 + defaultInterestRate / 100), years) ;
+ }
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>A complete solution including updated
+ <productname>Javadoc</productname> comments can be downloaded
+ <link
+ xlink:href="https://cloud.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/owncloud/public.php?service=files&t=577bc9091391524692b6d812a6d2737a">from
+ here</link>.</para>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1VariableComplexExpression">
+ <title>Programmers favourite expression</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Consider the following code fragment:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> int a = 6,
+ b = 7,
+ c = -3,
+ result = 0;
+
+ result += ++a - b++ + --c;</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Rewrite this code by decomposing the last line into several
+ lines to make the code easier to understand.</para>
+
+ <para>Hint: After execution of your modified code all variable
+ must have identical values with respect to the original code. In
+ other words: Your modifications shall not alter the code's
+ behaviour in any way.</para>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <para>Incrementing <code>++a</code> and decrementing
+ <code>--c</code> happens prior to adding / subtracting their
+ values to the variable <code>result</code> (prefix notation). The
+ increment operation <code>b--</code> in contrast happens after
+ being being subtracted from variable <code>result</code> (postfix
+ notation). The following code snippet is thus equivalent:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> int a = 6,
+ b = 7,
+ c = -3,
+ result = 0;
+ ++a;
+ --c;
+ result += a - b + c; // or even: result = result + a - b + c;
+ b++;</programlisting>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaIntOverflow">
+ <title>Integer value considerations.</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Consider the following piece of code:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">int a = ..., b = ...;
+...// statements being omitted
+int sum = a + b;</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Which representation related problem may arise here? May you
+ supply a solution?</para>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <para>The sum of a and b may either exceed
+ <code>java.lang.Integer.MAX_VALUE</code> or in turn may be less
+ than <code>java.lang.Integer.MIN_VALUE</code>. To avoid this type
+ of overflow error our variable <code>sum</code> may be declared of
+ type long:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">int a = ..., b = ...;
+...// statements being omitted
+long sum = a + b;</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Unfortunately this does not (yet) help at all: Since both
+ operands <code>a</code> and <code>b</code> are of type
+ <code>int</code> the expression <code>a + b</code> is also of type
+ int and will be evaluated as such. To circumvent this problem we
+ have to cast at least one operand to type <code>long</code> prior
+ to computing the sum. This works since the cast operator
+ <code>(long)</code> does have higher priority than the
+ <quote>+</quote> operator</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">int a = ..., b = ...;
+...// statements being omitted
+long sum = (long)a + b;</programlisting>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sde1QandaFraction">
+ <title>A class representing fractions</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Implement a class representing fractions. You may find a
+ dummy implementation containing some (not yet working) sample
+ usage code being contained in a <code>main()</code> method. This
+ Maven archive also includes a <xref linkend="glo_Junit"/>
+ test.</para>
+
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/fraction/V05</para>
+ </annotation>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/fraction/V1</para>
+ </annotation>
+
+ <para>See implementation at <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/fraction/V1/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/fraction/Fraction.html">Fraction</link>.</para>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+</chapter>
diff --git a/Doc/Sd1/collections.xml b/Doc/Sd1/collections.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b0a759c716eab014c7e8f3f405ccb202c3d06429
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/Sd1/collections.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,1584 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<chapter version="5.0" xml:id="sd1Collection1"
+ xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
+ xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+ xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
+ xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+ xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
+ xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+ xmlns:db="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook">
+ <title>Collections</title>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1CollectionsPrep">
+ <title>Preparations</title>
+
+ <para>Chapter 14 of <xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/> provides an in depth
+ discussion of Java collections. Regarding the upcoming exercises you may
+ however prefer to study the following track:</para>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Introduction</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para
+ xlink:href="http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-collections/collection.html"><link
+ xlink:href="http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-collections/collection.html">Java
+ Collections - Collection</link></para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><classname>List</classname></glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para
+ xlink:href="http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-collections/list.html"><link
+ xlink:href="http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-collections/list.html">Java
+ Collections - List</link></para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><classname>Set</classname></glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para
+ xlink:href="http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-collections/set.html"><link
+ xlink:href="http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-collections/set.html">Java
+ Collections - Set</link></para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><methodname>hashCode()</methodname> and
+ <methodname>equals()</methodname></glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para
+ xlink:href="http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-collections/hashcode-equals.html"><link
+ xlink:href="http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-collections/hashcode-equals.html">Java
+ Collections - hashCode() and equals()</link></para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para><link xlink:href="Ref/Svg/hashing.svg">Hashing overview
+ slides</link>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1Collection1exercise">
+ <title>Collections I,Exercises</title>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1Collection2exerciseSetString">
+ <title>A <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Set.html">Set</classname>
+ of Strings</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaSetString">
+ <title>Inserting strings into a <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Set.html">Set</classname>.</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Create a <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Set.html">Set</classname>
+ of String instances including duplicates. Iterate over this set
+ and write each value to <code>System.out</code>:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
+
+ final Set<String> names = new HashSet<String>();
+ names.add(...
+ ...
+ // Iterate over all inserted coordinates
+ for (...
+ }</programlisting>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <para>Inserting some string literals is a trivial task. A
+ for-each loop allows iterating over the set to write its content
+ to standard output:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
+
+ final Set<String> names = new HashSet<String>();
+
+ names.add("Eve");
+ names.add("Jim");
+ names.add("Tom");
+ names.add("Jim");
+
+ // Iterate over all inserted coordinates
+ System.out.println("The set contains " + names.size() + " elements:");
+ for (final String s : names) {
+ System.out.println(s);
+ }
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Notice the duplicate name <code>"Jim"</code>: Since our
+ collection does have set semantics it only contains three
+ elements {"Eve", "Jim", "Tom"}:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">The set contains 3 elements:
+Tom
+Jim
+Eve</programlisting>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1CollectionExerciseListString">
+ <title>A <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/List.html">List</classname>
+ of Strings</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaListString">
+ <title>Inserting strings into a <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/List.html">List</classname>.</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Create a <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/List.html">List</classname>
+ of String instances including duplicates. Iterate over this list
+ and write each value to <code>System.out</code>:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
+
+ final List<String> names = ...;
+
+ names.add(...
+ ...
+
+ // Iterate over all inserted strings
+ System.out.println("The list contains " + names.size() + " elements:");
+ for (final String s : names) {
+ System.out.println(s);
+ }
+ }</programlisting>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <para>Our code closely resembles <xref
+ linkend="sd1QandaSetString"/>:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
+
+ final List<String> names = new Vector<String>();
+
+ names.add("Eve");
+ names.add("Jim");
+ names.add("Tom");
+ names.add("Jim");
+
+ // Iterate over all inserted strings
+ System.out.println("The list contains " + names.size() + " elements:");
+ for (final String s : names) {
+ System.out.println(s);
+ }
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>This time the duplicate actually shows up:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">The list contains 4 elements:
+Eve
+Jim
+Tom
+Jim</programlisting>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1CollectionDefCoordinate">
+ <title>Defining a <classname>Coordinate</classname> class</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaCoordinate">
+ <title>Representing integer coordinate values</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Implement a class <classname>Coordinate</classname> to
+ represent integer Cartesian coordinate values:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">public class Coordinate {
+
+ private int x, y;
+ ...
+}</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Provide an appropriate constructor and override both
+ <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#toString--">toString()</methodname>
+ and <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#equals-java.lang.Object-">equals()</methodname>
+ to allow execution of:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> // Defining and testing integer coordinates
+ final Coordinate
+ c12 = new Coordinate(1, 2),
+ c52 = new Coordinate(5, 0),
+ c12Duplicate = new Coordinate(1, 2);
+
+
+ System.out.println("c12:"+ c12);
+ System.out.println("c12.equals(c52):"+ c12.equals(c52));
+ System.out.println("c12.equals(c12Duplicate):"+ c12.equals(c12Duplicate));
+ System.out.println("c12.equals(\"dummy\"):"+ c12.equals("dummy"));
+
+ System.out.println(c12);</programlisting>
+
+ <para>This should yield the expected output:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">c12:(1|2)
+c12.equals(c52):false
+c12.equals(c12Duplicate):true
+c12.equals("dummy"):false
+(1|2)</programlisting>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <para>Overriding <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#toString--">toString()</methodname>
+ and <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#equals-java.lang.Object-">equals()</methodname>
+ and adding a non-default constructor is a straightforward
+ exercise:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">public class Coordinate {
+
+ private int x, y;
+
+ /**
+ * Create a Cartesian coordinate / point.
+ * @param x
+ * @param y
+ */
+ public Coordinate(int x, int y) {
+ this.x = x;
+ this.y = y;
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public boolean equals(Object obj) {
+ if (obj instanceof Coordinate) {
+ return x == ((Coordinate)obj).x &&
+ y == ((Coordinate)obj).y;
+ } else {
+ return false;
+ }
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public String toString() {
+ return "(" + x + "|" + y + ")";
+ }
+}</programlisting>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1SetCoordinate">
+ <title>A <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Set.html">Set</classname>
+ of Coordinate instances</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaSetCoordinate">
+ <title>Inserting <link
+ linkend="sd1CollectionDefCoordinate"><classname>Coordinate</classname></link>
+ instances into a <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Set.html">Set</classname>.</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Create a <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Set.html">Set</classname>
+ of <link
+ linkend="sd1CollectionDefCoordinate"><classname>Coordinate</classname></link>
+ instances including duplicates. Iterate over this set and write
+ each value to <code>System.out</code> in a similar fashion to
+ <xref linkend="sd1QandaSetString"/>. Compare your output to the
+ corresponding example <xref
+ linkend="sd1QandaSetString"/>.</para>
+
+ <para>Did you expect this behaviour? Explain this result and a
+ solution.</para>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <para>Our code is very similar to <xref
+ linkend="sd1QandaSetString"/>:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> final Set<Coordinate> points = new HashSet<Coordinate>();
+
+ points.add(new Coordinate(1, 2));
+ points.add(new Coordinate(4, 1));
+ points.add(new Coordinate(1, 2)); // Equal to first Object
+
+ // Iterate over all inserted coordinates
+ System.out.println("The set contains " + points.size() + " elements:");
+ for (final Coordinate c : points) {
+ System.out.println(c.toString());
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Since we do have set semantics we expect the duplicate
+ coordinate value <code>(1|2)</code> to be dropped and thus to
+ appear only once. So our set should contain <code>{(4|1),
+ (1|2)}</code>. We however see the duplicate object appearing on
+ standard output:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">The set contains 3 elements:
+(4|1)
+(1|2)
+(1|2)</programlisting>
+
+ <para>This is due to our own fault not providing a <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#hashCode--">hashCode()</methodname>
+ implementation being compatible to our overridden <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#equals-java.lang.Object-">equals()</methodname>
+ method. Consider:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> final Coordinate
+ c12 = new Coordinate(1, 2),
+ c12Duplicate = new Coordinate(1, 2);
+
+ System.out.println("c12.hashCode() and c12Duplicate.hashCode():"+ c12.hashCode() + "," + c12Duplicate.hashCode());</programlisting>
+
+ <para>This yields the following output:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">c12.hashCode() and c12Duplicate.hashCode():1334574952,1882008996</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Apparently the two instances c12 and c12Duplicate are
+ equal to each other. Their hash codes however are different
+ clearly violating the contract being described in <link
+ xlink:href="http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-collections/hashcode-equals.html">Java
+ Collections - hashCode() and equals()</link>. The values
+ actually stem from <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#hashCode--">hashCode()</methodname>
+ being defined in our superclass <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html">Object</classname>.</para>
+
+ <para>The former exercise <xref linkend="sd1QandaSetString"/>
+ involved instances of class String having well defined
+ <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#equals-java.lang.Object-">equals()</methodname>
+ and <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#hashCode--">hashCode()</methodname>
+ implementations. To resolve this issue we thus have to override
+ not just <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#equals-java.lang.Object-">equals()</methodname>
+ but <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#hashCode--">hashCode()</methodname>
+ as well:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">public class Coordinate {
+
+ private int x, y;
+ ...
+
+ @Override
+ public int hashCode() {
+ // See last answer (06/16/2014) in
+ // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/16629893/good-hashcode-implementation
+ return Long.valueOf(x * 31 + y).hashCode();
+ }
+}</programlisting>
+
+ <para>This yields:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">c12.hashCode() and c12Duplicate.hashCode():33,33</programlisting>
+
+ <para>And finally:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">The set contains 2 elements:
+(1|2)
+(4|1)</programlisting>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1Collection2exercise">
+ <title>Collections I, Exercises</title>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1CollectionExerciseWordSearch">
+ <title>Getting a <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Set.html">Set</classname>
+ of strings from a text file</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaWordSearch">
+ <title>Getting a text's set of words.</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Consider a text file <filename>foo.txt</filename>
+ containing:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">A simple collection of words.
+ Some words may appear multiple times.</programlisting>
+
+ <para>We would like to retrieve a comma separated list of all
+ words being contained within excluding duplicates.</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">of, multiple, collection, simple, words, may, Some, times, A, appear</programlisting>
+
+ <para>The subsequent rules shall apply:</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Arbitrary combinations of white space and the
+ characters <emphasis
+ role="bold"><code>.,:;?!"</code></emphasis> shall be treated
+ as word delimiters and are otherwise to be ignored.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The order of appearance in the generated result does
+ not matter.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Duplicates like <quote>words</quote> in the current
+ example shall show up only once on output.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>Hints:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Your application shall read its input from a given
+ file name provided as a command line argument. Provide
+ appropriate error messages if:</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The users enters either no arguments at all or
+ more than one command line argument.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The file in question cannot be read.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>You may reconsider <xref linkend="sd1GnuWc"/>
+ regarding file read access.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Splitting input text lines at word delimiters
+ <emphasis role="bold"><code>.,:;?!"</code></emphasis> or
+ white space characters may be achieved by means of
+ <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#split-java.lang.String-">split(...)</methodname>
+ and the regular expression <code>String regex = "[
+ \t\"!?.,'´`:;]+"</code>;. This <quote>+</quote> sign
+ indicates the appearance of a succession of one ore more
+ character element from the set <emphasis role="bold"><code>
+ \t\"!?.,'´`:;</code></emphasis>.</para>
+
+ <para>Thus a text <emphasis role="bold"><code>That's it.
+ Next try</code></emphasis> will be split into a string array
+ <code>{"That", "s", "it", "Next", "try"}</code>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Write a <xref linkend="glo_Junit"/> test which reads
+ from a given input file and compares its result with a hard
+ coded set of expected strings.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/Wordlist/Solution</para>
+ </annotation>
+
+ <para>The input file smalltest.txt may be used to define a <xref
+ linkend="glo_Junit"/> test:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> @Test
+ public void testWordSet() throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
+
+ final Set<String> expectedStrings =
+ new HashSet <String>(Arrays.asList(new String[]{
+ "A", "simple", "collection", "of", "words",
+ "Some", "may", "appear", "multiple", "times"
+ }));
+
+ final TextFileHandler tfh = new TextFileHandler("smalltest.txt");
+ Assert.assertTrue(tfh.getWords().equals(expectedStrings));
+ }</programlisting>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1CollectionExerciseWordSearchOrder">
+ <title>Result string ordering</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaWordSearchOrdered">
+ <title>A text's set of words in alphabetic order</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Copy the previous project to a second one and modify your
+ code to get the same set of words but in alphabetic order with
+ respect to capital and small letters:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">A, Some, appear, collection, may, multiple, of, simple, times, words </programlisting>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <para>The desired result is easy to achieve by exchanging our
+ <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Set.html">Set</classname>
+ by a <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/SortedSet.html">SortedSet</classname>:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> /**
+ * The set of words found so far.
+ */
+ final SortedSet<String> words = new TreeSet<String>();</programlisting>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1StringLengthSort">
+ <title>Sorting strings in an unusual way</title>
+
+ <para>This exercise intends to provide some knowledge on sorting being
+ needed in subsequent exercises.</para>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaStringLengthSort">
+ <title>Implementing unusual string sorting.</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Strings will often be sorted alphabetically:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">ant
+apple
+by
+eye
+it
+printer
+van
+x-ray</programlisting>
+
+ <para>In this exercise we want to sort strings by length and
+ then alphabetically:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">by
+it
+ant
+eye
+van
+apple
+x-ray
+printer</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Hints:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Collections.html#sort-java.util.List-java.util.Comparator-">Collections.sort(</link>List<String>,
+ <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Comparator.html">Comparator</classname>
+ c) is your friend.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Defining a <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Comparator.html">Comparator</classname>
+ class acting on strings works like:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">/**
+ * Compare strings first by their length. If two strings do have
+ * common length, sort them alphabetically.
+ *
+ */
+public class LengthCompare implements Comparator<String> {
+ @Override
+ public int compare(String s1, String s2) {
+ ...
+ return ...;
+}</programlisting>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Write a <xref linkend="glo_Junit"/> test to assure
+ correct sorting of strings.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/StringLengthSort/Solution</para>
+ </annotation>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1CollectionWordFrequencies">
+ <title>Result string ordering</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaWordFrequencies">
+ <title>Words and corresponding frequencies</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>So far we've extracted the set of words a given text
+ consists of. In addition we'd like to see their corresponding
+ frequencies of appearance as well. This frequency value shall be
+ used as primary sorting criterion with respect to report output.
+ Consider the following example text:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">One day, Einstein, Newton, and Pascal meet up
+and decide to play a game of hide and seek.
+Einstein volunteered to be "It". As Einstein
+counted, eyes closed, to 100, Pascal ran away
+and hid, but Newton stood right in front of
+Einstein and drew a one meter by one meter
+square on the floor around himself. When
+Einstein opened his eyes, he immediately saw
+Newton and said "I found you Newton", but Newton
+replied, "No, you found one Newton per square meter.
+You found Pascal!"</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Ignoring special characters the following result shall be
+ created:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none"> 6: Newton
+ 6: and
+ 5: Einstein
+ 3: Pascal
+ 3: found
+ 3: meter
+ 3: one
+ 3: to
+ 2: a
+...</programlisting>
+
+ <para>The first line tells us that the word
+ <quote>Newton</quote> appears six times in the analyzed
+ document.</para>
+
+ <para>Hints:<orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Define a class <classname>WordFrequency</classname>
+ containing a <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname>
+ attribute among with an integer number representing its
+ frequency of appearance:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">/**
+ * A helper class to account for frequencies of words found in textual input.
+ *
+ */
+public class WordFrequency {
+ /**
+ * The frequency of this word will be counted.
+ */
+ public final String word;
+ private int frequency;
+ ...
+}</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Two instances of
+ <classname>WordFrequency</classname> shall be equal if and
+ only if their <quote>word</quote> attribute values are
+ equal regardless of their frequency values. In slightly
+ other words: With respect to equality instances of
+ <classname>WordFrequency</classname> inherit equality
+ solely from their contained word values irrespective of
+ any frequency value.</para>
+
+ <para>Override <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#equals-java.lang.Object-">equals(...)</methodname>
+ and <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#hashCode--">hashValue()</methodname>
+ accordingly.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Create a List<WordFrequency> (Not a
+ Set<WordFrequency>!) holding words being found in
+ your input texts among with their frequencies of
+ appearance.</para>
+
+ <para>Whenever the next input word is being processed
+ follow the subsequent procedure:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Create a corresponding instance of
+ <classname>WordFrequency</classname> from it having
+ initial frequency 1.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Test whether an instance being equal has already
+ been added to your
+ <code>List<WordFrequency></code> instance
+ leaving you with two choices:</para>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>The current word already
+ exists:</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Lookup the entry and increment its frequency
+ by one.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>The current word is new:</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Add the previously created
+ <classname>WordFrequency</classname> instance to
+ your <code>List<WordFrequency></code>.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>After processing the input text file sort your
+ <code>List<WordFrequency></code> by a suitable
+ <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Comparator.html">Comparator<WordFrequency></classname>
+ instance by means of <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Collections.html#sort-java.util.List-java.util.Comparator-">Collections.sort(...)</methodname>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist></para>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/WordFrequency1/Solution</para>
+ </annotation>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1Collection3Exercise">
+ <title>Collections III, Exercises</title>
+
+ <figure xml:id="sd1FigureAccoutInheritHierarchy">
+ <title>Account hierarchy</title>
+
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/account.fig"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <figure xml:id="sda1FigurePersonInheritHierarchy">
+ <title>Students and lecturers</title>
+
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/person.fig"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaAddressHtmlFormat">
+ <title>Formatting an address list</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>We want to transform address data to different destination
+ formats. Consider the following text file data source:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">"firstName","lastName","companyName","address","city", ...
+"Aleshia","Tomkiewicz","Alan D Rosenburg Cpa Pc","14 Tay ...
+...</programlisting>
+
+ <para>This excerpt exists as file named
+ <filename>addresses.txt</filename> in the following Maven
+ project:</para>
+
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Exercise</para>
+ </annotation>
+
+ <para>Import the above project into <xref linkend="glo_Eclipse"/>.
+ Executing
+ <classname>de.hdm_stuttgart.mi.sd1.htmlformat.Address2text</classname>
+ yields the following output:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">"firstName","lastName","companyName","address","city", ...
+List of addresses:
+++++++++++++++++++++++
+Name:Tim Dummy
+Company:Dummy Company
+Address:Dummy street, DummyCity, DummyPostal
+Phone:1234567, 7654321
+E-Mail:@dummy@dummy.com
+--------------------
+
+...
+
+--------------------
+End of records</programlisting>
+
+ <para>This result neither uses the input data supplied by
+ <filename>addresses.txt</filename> nor does it produce HTML output
+ yet. You have to complete the implementation by following the
+ subsequent steps:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Try to understand the current project. Its classes have
+ the following general purposes:</para>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><classname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Exercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/htmlformat/Address.html">Address</classname></glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Holding components like first name, last name,
+ telephone numbers, email and so on of an individual
+ address.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><classname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Exercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/htmlformat/Address2text.html">Address2text</classname></glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>The main application. This class assembles other
+ classes, opens the address data source and starts the
+ formatting process.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><classname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Exercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/htmlformat/Address2textFormatter.html">Address2textFormatter</classname></glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>This class formats individual address
+ records.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><classname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Exercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/htmlformat/AddressDataHandler.html">AddressDataHandler</classname></glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Opening the data source and creating a Java in
+ memory representation of the whole set. This is
+ necessary since the output sorting order may be
+ altered.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><classname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Exercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/htmlformat/AddressFormatter.html">AddressFormatter</classname></glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>This interface specifies three methods being
+ called during output formatting.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><classname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Exercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/htmlformat/AddressParseError.html">AddressParseError</classname></glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Instances of this exception will be thrown
+ whenever the input file contains errors. Consider the
+ following example:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">"Laquita","Hisaw,"In Communications Inc","20 Gloucester Pl #96",</programlisting>
+
+ <para>In this example we have no quote after
+ <code>Hisaw</code>. This should yield a parsing
+ error.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The constructor <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Exercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/htmlformat/Address.html#Address(java.lang.String,%20int)">Address(...)</link>
+ does not yet parse address records but creates constant dummy
+ data instead. Use the parameter <code>csvRecord</code> to
+ actually initialize the desired address fields
+ <code>firstName</code>, <code>lastName</code>, ...,
+ <code>web</code>. Hint: You may use the <link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#split-java.lang.String-">split(...)</link>
+ method:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">... = s.split("\",\"");</programlisting>
+
+ <para>This splits an input record into its address components.
+ The first component will however start with a quotation mark
+ like <code>"Aleshia</code> and the last component will have a
+ trailing <code>"</code> like in
+ <code>http://www.lbt.co.uk"</code>. You may use the
+ substring(...) method to get rid of them.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>You must exclude the header line (= first line of
+ addresses.txt) of your data source from result
+ generation:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">"firstName","lastName","companyName","address","city","county","postal","phone1","phone2","email","web"</programlisting>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Think of all syntax rules of your input data source
+ addresses.txt and throw <classname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Exercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/htmlformat/AddressParseError.html">AddressParseError</classname>
+ appropriate exceptions. Write test cases checking for correct
+ parsing error detection in input files.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The current project produces text output. In order to
+ generate HTML you have to replace <classname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Exercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/htmlformat/Address2textFormatter.html">Address2textFormatter</classname>
+ by a new class <classname>Address2htmlFormatter</classname>
+ which implements the interface <classname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Exercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/htmlformat/AddressFormatter.html">AddressFormatter</classname>
+ as well.</para>
+
+ <para>You may then exchange your formatter in
+ <classname>Address2text</classname>.<methodname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Exercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/htmlformat/Address2text.html#main(java.lang.String[])">main()</methodname>:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">final AddressFormatter htmlFormatter = new Address2htmlFormatter();</programlisting>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Address fields may contain the characters
+ <code><</code>, <code>></code> and <code>&</code>.
+ These will interfere with generated HTML markup. There are two
+ possible solutions:</para>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><acronym>CDATA</acronym> sections
+ (preferred):</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Wrap your output in <code><![CDATA[ ...
+ ]]></code> sections if required. Strictly speaking
+ this is only specified for XHTML variants but most
+ browsers will accept it anyway.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Using HTML replacement entities</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <informaltable border="1" width="10%">
+ <tr>
+ <td><code>&</code></td>
+
+ <td><code>&amp;</code></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><code><</code></td>
+
+ <td><code>&lt;</code></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><code>></code></td>
+
+ <td><code>&gt;</code></td>
+ </tr>
+ </informaltable>
+
+ <para>This requires textually replacing special
+ characters by the above entities e.g. by means of
+ <classname>String</classname>.<methodname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#replace-java.lang.CharSequence-java.lang.CharSequence-">replace(...)</methodname>.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Since you do generate HTML output renaming your class
+ <classname>Address2text</classname> to
+ <classname>Address2html</classname> is a good idea. Your
+ output might look like:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none"><html xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
+ <head>
+ <title>Address list:</title>
+ </head>
+ <body>
+ <h1>Address list:</h1>
+ <table border='1'>
+ <colgroup style='width: 20%'/>
+ <colgroup style='width: 30%'/>
+ <colgroup style='width: 25%'/>
+ <colgroup style='width: 25%'/>
+ <tr>
+ <th>Name</th>
+ <th>Address</th>
+ <th>Phone</th>
+ <th>E-Mail</th>
+ </tr>
+ ...
+ <tr>
+ <td>Graham <b>Stanwick</b></td>
+ <td><emphasis role="bold"><![CDATA[73 Hawkstone St, Renfrew South & Gallowhill War]]></emphasis>, <b>G52 4YG</b></td>
+ <td>01860-191930</td>
+ <td>gstanwick@gmail.com</td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr>
+ ...
+
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+ </body>
+</html></programlisting>
+
+ <para>As you can see <acronym>CDATA</acronym> sections are
+ only used if embedded data does contain <, > or &
+ characters.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>You may direct your generated HTML output to a file
+ rather than to the standard output <link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#out">System.out</link>.
+ This can be achieved by opening an output <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/PrintStream.html">PrintStream</classname>
+ related to a file by means of the <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/PrintStream.html#PrintStream-java.lang.String-">PrintStream</methodname>
+ output filename constructor. Your resulting output may
+ transform the file <filename>addresses.txt</filename> into
+ <filename>addresses.txt.xhtml</filename>. The latter should be
+ rendered like:</para>
+
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/addressHtml.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Solution</para>
+ </annotation>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1Collection4Exercise">
+ <title>Collections IV, Exercises</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaImplementStringSet">
+ <title>Implementing a set of strings</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>We want to partly implement a simplified version of
+ <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Set.html">Set</classname>:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">package de.hdm_stuttgart.mi.sd1.stringset;
+
+
+/**
+ * A collection of Strings that contains no duplicate elements.
+ * More formally, sets contain no pair of Strings s1 and s2 such that
+ * s1.equals(s2), and no null elements. As implied by its name,
+ * this class models the mathematical set abstraction.
+ *
+ * The StringSet class places stipulations on the contracts of the add,
+ * equals and hashCode methods.
+ *
+ * The stipulation on constructors is, not surprisingly, that all constructors
+ * must create a set that contains no duplicate elements (as defined above).
+ *
+ */
+public interface Set_String {
+
+ /**
+ * Returns the number of strings in this set (its cardinality).
+ *
+ * @return the number of elements in this set (its cardinality)
+ */
+ public int size() ;
+
+ /**
+ * Returns true if this set contains no elements.
+ *
+ * @return true if this set contains no elements
+ */
+ public boolean isEmpty();
+
+ /**
+ * Returns true if this set contains the specified element. More
+ * formally, returns true if and only if this set contains an
+ * element e such that (o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e)).
+ *
+ * @param o element whose presence in this set is to be tested
+ * @return true if this set contains the specified element.
+ * A null value will be treated as "not in set".
+ *
+ */
+ public boolean contains(Object o);
+
+ /**
+ * Returns an array containing all strings in this set.
+ *
+ * The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are
+ * maintained by this set. (In other words, this method allocates
+ * a new array). The caller is thus free to modify the returned array.
+ *
+ * @return an array containing all strings in this set.
+ */
+ public String[] toArray();
+
+ /**
+ * Adds the specified element to this set if it is not already present.
+ * More formally, adds the specified element e to this set if the set
+ * contains no element e2 such that (e==null ? e2==null : e.equals(e2)).
+ * If this set already contains the element, the call leaves the set
+ * unchanged and returns false. In combination with the restriction on
+ * constructors, this ensures that sets never contain duplicate elements.
+ *
+ * null values will be discarded
+ *
+ * @param s string to be added to this set
+ *
+ * @return true if this set did not already contain the specified element.
+ * The attempted insert of a null value will return false.
+ */
+ public boolean add(String s);
+
+ /**
+ * Removes the specified string from this set if it is present
+ * (optional operation). More formally, removes a string s
+ * such that (o==null ? s==null : o.equals(s)), if this set
+ * contains such a string. Returns true if this set contained
+ * the string (or equivalently, if this set changed as a result
+ * of the call). (This set will not contain the string once the
+ * call returns.)
+ *
+ * @param s String to be removed from this set, if present.
+ * @return true if this set contained the specified string.
+ */
+ public boolean remove(Object s);
+
+ /**
+ * Removes all of the strings from this set (optional operation).
+ * The set will be empty after this call returns.
+ */
+ public void clear();
+}</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Implement this interface:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">public class MySet_String implements Set_String {
+
+ /**
+ * Constructs a new, empty set;
+ */
+ public MySet_String() {
+ ...
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Copy array values into this set excluding duplicates.
+ *
+ * @param source The array to copy values from
+ */
+ public MySet_String(final String[] source) {
+ ...
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public int size() {
+ ...
+ }
+ ...
+}</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Hints:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Store strings among with corresponding hash code values
+ in two separate arrays. You may use the <quote>amortized
+ doubling</quote> strategy from <xref
+ linkend="sd1IntStoreUnbounded"/> to accommodate arbitrary
+ numbers of instances.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>On lookup use hash code values prior to comparing via
+ <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#equals-java.lang.Object-">equals()</methodname>
+ in order to gain performance.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>Write appropriate tests to assure a sound
+ implementation.</para>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para
+ role="eclipse">P/CollectionImplement/StringSet/Solution</para>
+ </annotation>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+ <section xml:id="sd1MapPrepare">
+ <title>Maps 1, Preparations</title>
+
+ <para>Read the introduction on <link
+ xlink:href="http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-collections/map.html">Java
+ Collections - Map</link> and <link xlink:href="???">Java Collections -
+ SortedMap</link>.</para>
+
+ <para>Consider the following array of person names:</para>
+
+ <figure xml:id="sd1ArrayPersons">
+ <title>An array of strings</title>
+
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/array.fig"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <para>Consider the following array describing (non leap year) month
+ lengths:</para>
+
+ <figure xml:id="sd1MonthLength">
+ <title>An associative array describing month lengths</title>
+
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/arrayAssoc.fig"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1MapExercise">
+ <title>Exercises</title>
+
+ <para>In <xref linkend="sd1CollectionWordFrequencies"/> we created a
+ sorted set of words appearing in a text among with their respective
+ frequencies:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none"> 6: Newton
+ 6: and
+ 5: Einstein
+ 3: Pascal
+ 3: found
+ 3: meter
+ 3: one
+ 3: to
+ 2: a
+...</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Achieving this result relied on implementing a helper class
+ <classname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/WordFrequency1/Solution/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/textstat/WordFrequency.html">WordFrequency</classname>
+ grouping words and frequencies:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">public class WordFrequency {
+ /**
+ * The frequency of this word will be counted.
+ */
+ public final String word;
+ private int frequency;
+...</programlisting>
+
+ <para>A cleaner solution might conceive the above result output as a
+ <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Map.html">Map</classname><<classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname>,
+ <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html">Integer</classname>>.
+ The set of words appearing in a text will be regarded as keys. The
+ frequencies of appearance are corresponding values:</para>
+
+ <informaltable border="1" width="40%">
+ <tr>
+ <th colspan="2"><classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Map.html">Map</classname><<classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname>,
+ <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html">Integer</classname>></th>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <th>Word (<classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname>)</th>
+
+ <th>Frequency (<classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html">Integer</classname>)</th>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Newton</td>
+
+ <td>6</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>and</td>
+
+ <td>6</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Einstein</td>
+
+ <td>5</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>Pascal</td>
+
+ <td>3</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td>...</td>
+
+ <td>...</td>
+ </tr>
+ </informaltable>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sde1QandaWordFreqMap">
+ <title>Implementing word frequencies by <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Map.html">Map</classname><<classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname>,
+ <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html">Integer</classname>>
+ instances.</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Re-implement <xref
+ linkend="sd1CollectionWordFrequencies"/> replacing your
+ <classname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/WordFrequency1/Solution/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/textstat/WordFrequency.html">WordFrequency</classname>
+ object by an instance of <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Map.html">Map</classname><<classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname>,
+ <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html">Integer</classname>>.
+ For the time being consider the output sorting order yet as
+ irrelevant.</para>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/WordFrequency1/Solution</para>
+ </annotation>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+
+ <para>The subsequent exercise is considered to be optional with respect
+ to the final course's examination. It does however provide some deeper
+ insight into the subject of <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Map.html">Map</classname>
+ instances.</para>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sde1QandaWordFreqMapSortOrder">
+ <title>Regain sorting capabilities.</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Refine <xref linkend="sde1QandaWordFreqMap"/> to sort your
+ output by word frequencies in the first place as you already did
+ in <xref linkend="sd1CollectionWordFrequencies"/>.</para>
+
+ <para>Hint: Following the discussion in <quote
+ xlink:href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/11647889/sorting-the-mapkey-value-in-descending-order-based-on-the-value">Sorting
+ the Map<Key,Value> in descending order based on the
+ value</quote> you may create a <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/List.html">List</classname><<classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Map.Entry.html">Entry</classname>(<<classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname>,
+ <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html">Integer</classname>>>
+ from your <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Map.html">Map</classname><<classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname>,
+ <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html">Integer</classname>>
+ instance on demand (i.e. when sorting). Then define an
+ appropriate <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Comparator.html">Comparator</classname>
+ class to get this list sorted.</para>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/WordFrequency2/Solution</para>
+ </annotation>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+ <section xml:id="sd1TownsByCountry">
+ <title>Towns and country names</title>
+
+ <figure xml:id="sd1FigTownsByCountry">
+ <title>Grouping towns by country names</title>
+
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/townsByCountry.fig"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+ </section>
+ <section xml:id="sd1MapMarks">
+ <title>Creating an overview of grades</title>
+
+ <para>Consider a text file representing a list of students among with
+ examination grades ranging from level <quote>A</quote> to
+ <quote>D</quote>:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">Tim Bone, D
+Eve Thunder, A
+Aaron King, B
+Joan White, B
+Mark Singer, C
+Jane Simmonds, D
+Ethan Clarke, C
+Paula Beam, C</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Duplicate names may appear.</para>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaMarkFrequency">
+ <title>Creating an overview of grades showing frequencies</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Transform the preceding text file into an overview of
+ grades by aggregating the occurrences of marks. The current
+ example should lead to:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">Overview of marks:
+A: 1
+B: 2
+C: 3
+D: 2</programlisting>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/Marks/Solution1</para>
+ </annotation>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaMarkNames">
+ <title>Creating an overview of grades showing individual names</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Replace the mark frequencies by the actual list of
+ alphabetically sorted names. The current example should lead
+ to:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">Overview of marks:
+A: Eve Thunder
+B: Aaron King, Joan White
+C: Ethan Clarke, Mark Singer, Paula Beam
+D: Jane Simmonds, Tim Bone</programlisting>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/Marks/Solution2</para>
+ </annotation>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+</chapter>
diff --git a/Doc/Sd1/deployment.xml b/Doc/Sd1/deployment.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..25eb2e51d2037e5affe82f0f502578e9c09142be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/Sd1/deployment.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+ <chapter xml:id="sd1Deploy" version="5.0"
+ xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
+ xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+ xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
+ xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+ xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
+ xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+ xmlns:db="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook">
+ <title>Application deployment I (8.12.)</title>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1DeployPrepare">
+ <title>Preparations</title>
+
+ <para>Read <link
+ xlink:href="http://www.cs.swarthmore.edu/~newhall/unixhelp/debuggingtips_Java.html">http://www.cs.swarthmore.edu/~newhall/unixhelp/debuggingtips_Java.html</link>
+ up to including the <quote>The <code>CLASSPATH</code> environment
+ variable and JAR files</quote> section.</para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sda1DeployExercise">
+ <title>Exercises</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaArrayVarious">
+ <title>Various integer array algorithms</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>The Maven Java project archive <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/arraycalcExercise/eclipse.zip">eclipse.zip</link>
+ contains a series of yet unimplemented methods and corresponding
+ tests. The following hints may help you completing the
+ implementation</para>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/arraycalcExercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/Arraymethods.html#swap(int[],%20int[])">swap</link></glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>This effectively requires extending the concept of
+ swapping just two integer values within a block</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> int a = 3, b = 5;
+
+ // Other code ...
+
+ {// Swap values of a and b
+ final int tmp = a;
+ a = b;
+ b = tmp;
+ } </programlisting>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/arraycalcExercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/Arraymethods.html#isPalindrome(java.lang.String)">isPalindrome</link></glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Consider a two step implementation:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Normalize a given palindrome candidate by
+ transforming to lower case and erasing
+ non-letters:</para>
+
+ <para><code>Hey, Roy! Am I mayor? Yeh!</code> -->
+ <code>heyroyamimayoryeh</code></para>
+
+ <para>You may search the <xref linkend="glo_API"/> of
+ class <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Character.html">Character</classname>
+ assisting you to distinguish letters from
+ non-letters.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Check the remaining string for being a
+ palindrome.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/arraycalcExercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/Arraymethods.html#containsSameElements(int[],%20int[])">containsSameElements</link></glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>You may copy <code>int[] b</code> array to a
+ <quote>shadow</quote> array and then subsequently erase
+ all elements of <code>int[] a</code> from this copy. The
+ method <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/arraycalcExercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/Arraymethods.html#findIndex(int[],%20int)">findIndex</link>
+ is quite helpful.</para>
+
+ <para>Consider for example <code>int[] bCopy = {1, 3, 4,
+ 3, 7}</code> containing 5 elements. Suppose our array
+ <code>a</code> contains the value 3 which exists at index
+ position 1 in <code>bCopy</code>. We may override the
+ value index position 1 by the last array value 7 and
+ thereby keeping track of reducing the number of array
+ elements to 4 like {1, 7, 4, 3}.</para>
+
+ <para>Off course the array <code>bCopy</code> cannot
+ shrink. But we may introduce an integer variable to
+ account for the effective number of array elements still
+ to be considered. If and only if all elements from
+ <code>a</code> are subsequently found within
+ <code>bCopy</code> the two arrays <code>a</code> and
+ <code>b</code> are equal.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/Array/arraycalcSolution</para>
+ </annotation>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+ <section xml:id="sd1AppDeploy2Exercise">
+ <title>Part II, Exercises</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaMedianCmdline">
+ <title>A command line version computing a sample's average and
+ median</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>This exercise extends <xref linkend="sd1StoreStatistics"/>
+ by adding a command line interface. Consider the following
+ console execution:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">goik >java -jar statistics-1.0.jar 2 6 7
+Your sample's average is: 5.0
+Your sample's median is: 6.0</programlisting>
+
+ <para>The above example executes our Java program in a shell and
+ supplies three command line parameters 2, 6 and 7. The program
+ then executes and creates the desired statistical data.</para>
+
+ <para>The subsequent remarks may assist you creating an
+ implementation:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem xml:id="sd1OlMedianCmdLineStep1">
+ <para>Using command line values means entering strings
+ rather then e.g. integer values: In the current example the
+ Java runtime will pass an array of strings <code>{"2", "6",
+ "7"}</code> on behalf of the user's input <quote><code>2 6
+ 7</code></quote> to your <code>main(String [] args)</code>
+ method. These strings must be converted to integer values.
+ This may be achieved by means of <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html#parseInt-java.lang.String-">parseInt(String)</methodname>.</para>
+
+ <para>Depending on inconsistent user input like
+ <quote><code>three</code></quote> instead of
+ <quote><code>3</code></quote> you may decide to terminate
+ your application thereby providing a meaningful error
+ message:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">goik >java -jar statistics-1.0.jar 1 2 three
+Input string 'three' does not represent an integer value</programlisting>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>If the user does not provide any input at all our
+ program shall terminate as well:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">goik >java -jar statistics-1.0.jar
+No values provided</programlisting>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Provide an <classname>public enum
+ ErrorState</classname> definition representing all three
+ possible error states:</para>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><code>OK</code>:</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>No error, all user input strings represent
+ integer values.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><code>NO_VALUE</code>:</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Error: No user input at all.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><code>NO_INTEGER</code>:</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Error: At least one input value does not
+ represent an integer value.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Implement a class
+ <classname>InputValidator</classname> to validate user input
+ and thereby converting string values to an integer array of
+ equal size:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">/**
+ * Validate sample input strings and convert
+ * them to integer values.
+ */
+public class InputValidator {
+
+ /**
+ * Integer values being calculated upon
+ * constructor call.
+ */
+ public final int[] values;
+
+ /**
+ * Transform a series of strings into integer values. In case
+ * of invalid input, a corresponding error messsage will be written
+ * to System.err and the current application will terminate by calling
+ * {@link System#exit(int)}. Example: The array ["-1", "20", "three"]
+ * contains two valid elements and the invalid element "three" which
+ * cannot be converted to an integer value by virtue of
+ * {@link Integer#parseInt(String)}.
+ *
+ * @param userInput A set of strings possibly representing integer values.
+ */
+ public InputValidator(final String[] userInput) {...}
+}</programlisting>
+
+ <para>You may then create an instance by supplying your
+ <code>main(String[] args)</code> command line values:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
+
+ final InputValidator userInput = new InputValidator(args);
+...</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Choose your implementation with testing in
+ mind.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Write at least one test case for all three possible
+ error categories and check for correct behaviour of your
+ <classname>InputValidator</classname> class.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Use your class <classname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/integerStoreMedianAnswer/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/IntegerStore.html">IntegerStore</classname>
+ from exercise <xref linkend="sd1StoreStatistics"/> to
+ compute the desired output.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Simulating command line arguments in <xref
+ linkend="glo_Eclipse"/> requires a run time configuration.
+ Click <guimenu>Run</guimenu> <guimenuitem>Run
+ Configurations...</guimenuitem>. Choose <quote>Java
+ Applications</quote> and "new launch configuration" from the
+ panel's left side, choose your project and main class (if
+ not already selected).</para>
+
+ <screenshot>
+ <info>
+ <title>Defining an Eclipse runtime configuration</title>
+ </info>
+
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/runconfigSelectClass.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </screenshot>
+
+ <para>Select the <guimenu>Arguments</guimenu> tab. Enter
+ your desired command line values, hit
+ <guibutton>Apply</guibutton> and subsequently
+ <guibutton>Run</guibutton> to launch your
+ application.</para>
+
+ <screenshot>
+ <info>
+ <title>Defining an Eclipse runtime configuration</title>
+ </info>
+
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/runconfigDefineArgs.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </screenshot>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Maven projects allow for creation of executable jar
+ archives. This leverages the process being described in
+ <link
+ xlink:href="http://www.skylit.com/javamethods/faqs/createjar.html">Creating
+ an Executable jar File</link>. It avoids messing with
+ manifest files and zipping up archives manually.</para>
+
+ <para>Among several configuration possibilities you may use
+ the <link
+ xlink:href="http://maven.apache.org/plugins/maven-jar-plugin">Maven
+ JAR Plugin</link> and its <option
+ xlink:href="http://maven.apache.org/plugins/maven-jar-plugin/usage.html#How_to_build_a_JAR_file">package</option>
+ goal. You have to add this plugin to the <tag
+ class="starttag">plugins</tag> section of your
+ <filename>pom.xml</filename> file. The plugin in turn
+ requires defining the fully qualified name of your entry
+ class <coref linkend="sd1CaPomFqnMainEntryClass"/>
+ containing the desired <methodname>main(String[]
+ args)</methodname> method:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="xml">...
+<properties>
+ <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
+ <javadocDestdir>~/tmp</javadocDestdir>
+</properties>
+
+<build>
+ <plugins>
+ <plugin>
+ <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
+ <artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
+ <version>2.4</version>
+ <configuration>
+ <archive>
+ <manifest>
+ <addClasspath>true</addClasspath>
+<emphasis role="bold"> <mainClass>de.hdm_stuttgart.mi.sd1.statistics.main.Statistics</mainClass></emphasis> <co
+ xml:id="sd1CaPomFqnMainEntryClass"/>
+ </manifest>
+ </archive>
+ </configuration>
+ </plugin>
+ </plugins>
+</build>
+...</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Creating the actual jar archive may be triggered by
+ either of:</para>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>From the command line:</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Change to your project root containing your
+ <filename>pom.xml</filename> file and execute
+ <command>mvn</command>
+ <option>package</option>.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>From inside <xref
+ linkend="glo_Eclipse"/>:</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Create a maven run time configuration (see
+ above) containing your <option>package</option>
+ goal:</para>
+
+ <screenshot>
+ <info>
+ <title>Creating a Maven runtime configuration
+ corresponding to the <option>package</option>
+ goal</title>
+ </info>
+
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/runconfigMavenGoalPackage.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </screenshot>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+
+ <para>After creating the jar archive you may now run your
+ program in a shell as being described in <xref
+ linkend="sd1OlMedianCmdLineStep1"/> of this section.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/Array/medianCmdLine</para>
+ </annotation>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+ </chapter>
+
diff --git a/Doc/Sd1/identity.xml b/Doc/Sd1/identity.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6d01a3b5ecffc82044f72434ef3af1f1f869ac45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/Sd1/identity.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+ <chapter xml:id="sd1IdentEqual" version="5.0"
+ xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
+ xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+ xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
+ xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+ xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
+ xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+ xmlns:db="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook">
+ <title>Object identity and equality (3.12.)</title>
+
+ <section xml:id="sec_PrepareOidEquality">
+ <title>Preparations</title>
+
+ <para>Read all sections of chapter 6 in <xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/>
+ till and including <quote>THE UNIVERSAL SUPERCLASS</quote>.</para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1String2Exercises">
+ <title>Exercises</title>
+
+ <section xml:id="pitfallsUsingOperatorEquals">
+ <title>Pitfalls using operator <quote>==</quote></title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="qandaStringOperatorEquals">
+ <title>String instances and equality</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Consider the following fragment:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">public static void main(String[] args) {
+
+ final String a1 = "TestA", a2 = "TestA";
+ System.out.println(" a1 == a2: " + (a1 == a2));
+
+ final String b1 = new String("TestB"), b2 = new String("TestB");
+ System.out.println("b1 == b2: " + (b1 == b2));
+}</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Execute this code and explain the resulting
+ output.</para>
+
+ <para>Hints: Read the documentation of <link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#identityHashCode-java.lang.Object-">System.identityHashCode(Object
+ o)</link> and <link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#hashCode--">Object.hashCode()</link>.</para>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <para>Execution yields:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">a1 == a2: true <co
+ linkends="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-1"
+ xml:id="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-1-co"/>
+b1 == b2: false <co linkends="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-2"
+ xml:id="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-2-co"/></programlisting>
+
+ <calloutlist>
+ <callout arearefs="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-1-co"
+ xml:id="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-1">
+ <para>This effectively compares two string literals
+ <code>"TestA"</code> and <code>"TestA"</code>. The <xref
+ linkend="glo_JDK"/> compiler implementation allocates only
+ one instance of class String for all string literals
+ having identical content. So all string literals "TestA"
+ (even if existing in different classes or packages)
+ represent the same object. Thus the two distinct variables
+ <code>a1</code> and <code>a2</code> are being assigned an
+ identical reference pointing to this unique instance.
+ Comparing identical references by the operator == always
+ yields true. You might as well write:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">System.out.println(<emphasis
+ role="bold">"TestA".equals("TestA")</emphasis>);</programlisting>
+
+ <para>The method <link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#identityHashCode-java.lang.Object-">System.identityHashCode(Object
+ o)</link> returns <link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#hashCode--">Object.hashCode()</link>
+ rather then <link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#hashCode--">String.hashCode()</link>.
+ This hash code from <link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html">java.lang.Object</link>
+ has a one to one correspondence to an object's reference
+ and thus helps to understand the underlying object
+ references of our current example:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">System.out.println("Hashcode a1 == " + System.identityHashCode(a1) +
+ ", Hashcode a2 == " + System.identityHashCode(a2));</programlisting>
+
+ <para>This yields identical values showing that
+ <code>a1</code> and <code>a2</code> point to the same
+ instance:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">Hashcode a1 == 366712642, Hashcode a2 == 366712642</programlisting>
+ </callout>
+
+ <callout arearefs="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-2-co"
+ xml:id="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-2">
+ <para>Every call to a constructor will create a new object
+ regardless of internal state. Thus <code>b1</code> and
+ <code>b2</code> will hold two distinct references pointing
+ to different String instances albeit these two instances
+ contain identical values. Following the above reasoning we
+ may execute:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">System.out.println("Hashcode b1 == " + System.identityHashCode(b1) +
+ ", Hashcode b2 == " + System.identityHashCode(b2));</programlisting>
+
+ <para>This yields values corresponding to two different
+ object references:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">Hashcode b1 == 1829164700, Hashcode b2 == 2018699554</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Comparing these two values for equality via the
+ <quote>==</quote> operator thus returns the boolean value
+ <code>false</code>.</para>
+ </callout>
+ </calloutlist>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1GomeOfLifeLogic">
+ <title>Implementing <quote>Game of Life</quote> logic</title>
+
+ <para>We complete our previous exercise by implementing the rules
+ governing cells being born, dying or just continue existing.</para>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaGameOfLifeLogic">
+ <title>Implementing <quote>Game of Life</quote> logic.</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Implementing cells being born and dying requires several
+ steps. The following sketch outlines one of different ways to
+ achieve this goal.</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Each cell is in exactly one of two distinct states
+ <quote>dead</quote> or <quote>alive</quote>. Though it is
+ possible to use a boolean for this purpose a dedicated
+ <classname>enum CellState {...}</classname> definition is
+ in order here to improve your code's readability.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Read the documentation of the two different
+ <methodname>act()</methodname> methods being defined in
+ <link
+ xlink:href="http://www.greenfoot.org/files/javadoc/greenfoot/World.html#act()">World</link>
+ and <link
+ xlink:href="http://www.greenfoot.org/files/javadoc/greenfoot/Actor.html#act()">Actor</link>.
+ You'll learn about the temporal order in which these are
+ being invoked by the <productname>Greenfoot</productname>
+ <xref linkend="glo_framework"/>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The rules governing life or death in the next step
+ have to be applied to each individual cell. Consider two
+ isolated neighboring cells A and B both being in live
+ state: Both cells do have exactly one living neighbor.
+ When A dies in the next step B does no longer have any
+ living neighbor.</para>
+
+ <para>But it would be wrong to calculate B's following
+ state based on this assumption. Thus we need to keep a
+ record of A's current state as long as the computation for
+ <emphasis role="bold">all</emphasis> cells has been
+ finished. This effectively requires keeping track of each
+ cell's <quote>current</quote> and <quote>next</quote>
+ state. The two different act() methods mentioned earlier
+ provide a clue setting these two states
+ accordingly.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Each cell needs to have a reference to its neighbors
+ for calculation its subsequent state. Since our world is
+ limited (in contrast to Conway's assumption) we have to
+ deal with cells existing at our world's edges having fewer
+ neighbors as well.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/life/V3</para>
+ </annotation>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+ </chapter>
diff --git a/Doc/Sd1/loop.xml b/Doc/Sd1/loop.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f5c408b9a433fa2207331f2186186593865075d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/Sd1/loop.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,2362 @@
+ <chapter xml:id="sd1Loop" version="5.0"
+ xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
+ xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+ xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
+ xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+ xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
+ xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+ xmlns:db="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook">
+ <title>Loops</title>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1LoopPrepare">
+ <title>Preparations</title>
+
+ <para>Chapter <quote>Loops and logic</quote> <xref
+ linkend="bib_Horton2011"/> till <quote>Loops</quote> (inclusive).</para>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1LoopExercises">
+ <title>Exercises</title>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1LeapYera">
+ <title>Leap years</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaLeapYear">
+ <title>Distinguishing leap- and non-leap years</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Look up the Gregorian calendar rule for leap years. Then
+ implement the following method to decide whether a given year
+ is a leap year:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> /**
+ * Characterizing a given year either as leap year or
+ * non- leap year
+ *
+ * @param year The year in question.
+ * @return true if the year parameter is a leap year, false otherwise.
+ */
+ public static boolean isLeapYear(int year) {
+ ...
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>You should be able to test your implementation the
+ following way:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
+ System.out.println("Is 1800 a leap year? " + isLeapYear(1800));
+ System.out.println("Is 2000 a leap year? " + isLeapYear(2000));
+ System.out.println("Is 2016 a leap year? " + isLeapYear(2016));
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>This should produce the following output:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="ignore">Is 1800 a leap year? false
+Is 2000 a leap year? true
+Is 2016 a leap year? true</programlisting>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/rounding</para>
+ </annotation>
+
+ <para>A first solution may be:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/rounding//de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/leap/LeapYear.html#isLeapYear-int-">public static boolean isLeapYear(int year)</link> {
+ if (year % 400 == 0) { // Every 400 years we do have a leap year.
+ return true;
+ } else if (year % 4 == 0 && 0 != year % 100) { // Every 4 years we do have a leap year unless the year
+ return true; // in question is a multiple of 100.
+ } else {
+ return false;
+ }
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>This one is easy to read. Experienced programmers
+ however prefer compact code:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/rounding/de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/leap/LeapYearCompact.html#isLeapYear-int-">public static boolean isLeapYear(int year)</link> {
+ return
+ year % 400 == 0 || // Every 400 years we do have a leap year.
+ year % 4 == 0 && 0 != year % 100; // Every 4 years we do have a leap year unless the year
+ // in question is a multiple of 100.
+ } </programlisting>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1SummingUpIntegers">
+ <title>Summing up integer values</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaSumInteger">
+ <title>Summing up integers to a given limit</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Suppose an arbitrary number n is given e.g n=5. We want
+ to compute the sum of all integers ranging from 1 to 5:</para>
+
+ <para>1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15</para>
+
+ <para>Implement the following method by using a loop:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> /**
+ * Summing up all integers up to and including a given limit
+ * Example: Let the limit be 5, then the result is 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
+ *
+ * @param limit The last number to include into the computed sum
+ * @return The sum of 1 + 2 + ... + limit
+ */
+ public static long getSum (int limit) {
+ ...
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>You may test your implementation by:<programlisting
+ language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
+ System.out.println("1 + 2 + ... + 150" + "=" + getSum(150));
+ }</programlisting><parameter>Actually a loop is not needed
+ since:</parameter></para>
+
+ <informalequation>
+ <m:math display="block">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:munderover>
+ <m:mo>∑</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>i</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>=</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>1</m:mi>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mi>n</m:mi>
+ </m:munderover>
+
+ <m:mi>i</m:mi>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>=</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>n</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¢</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>(</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>n</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>+</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>1</m:mi>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+ </m:mfrac>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </informalequation>
+
+ <para>You may use this formula to verify your
+ implementation.</para>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/rounding</para>
+ </annotation>
+
+ <para>We just need a single loop in <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/rounding/de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/sum/Summing.html#getSum-int-">getSum(...)</link>.</para>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1RewriteLoop">
+ <title>Rewriting a loop</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaRewriteLoop">
+ <title><code>for</code>, <code>while</code> and <code>do</code> ...
+ <code>while</code></title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Consider the following example:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">public class LoopExample {
+
+ public static void main(String [] args) {
+ squareNumbers(14);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Compute all square numbers starting from 4 in steps of 3
+ * being smaller than a given limit. The results are being written to standard output.
+ * Implemented by a for -loop.
+ *
+ * @param limit An upper exclusive bound for the highest number to be squared..
+ */
+ public static void squareNumbers(final int limit) {
+ System.out.println("Computing square numbers");
+ for (int i = 4; i < limit; i += 3) {
+ System.out.println("i = " + i + ", i * i = " + i * i);
+ }
+ System.out.println("Finished computing square numbers");
+ }
+}</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Re-implement the above code two times as:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>while loop:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> ...
+ public static void while_squareNumbers(final int limit) {
+ System.out.println("Computing square numbers");
+...
+ while (...) {
+...
+ }
+ System.out.println("Finished computing square numbers");
+ } ...</programlisting>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>do ... while loop:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> ...
+ public static void while_squareNumbers(final int limit) {
+ System.out.println("Computing square numbers");
+...
+ do {
+...
+ } while(...);
+
+ System.out.println("Finished computing square numbers");
+ } ...</programlisting>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>Caveat: The do ... while part is a little bit tricky.
+ Read the method's documentation <emphasis><emphasis
+ role="bold">precisely</emphasis></emphasis> to avoid a common
+ pitfall.</para>
+
+ <para>Do you have a comment choosing the right type of
+ loop?</para>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <para>The while loop is actually quite straightforward to
+ implement:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">public class <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/loop/answer/de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/loop/LoopExample.html">LoopExample</link> {
+ ...
+ public static void <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/loop/answer/de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/loop/LoopExample.html#doWhile_squareNumbers-int-">while_squareNumbers(final int limit)</link> {
+ System.out.println("Computing square numbers");
+ int i = 4;
+ while (i < limit) {
+ System.out.println("i = " + i + ", i * i = " + i * i);
+ i += 3;
+ }
+ System.out.println("Finished computing square numbers");
+ } ...</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Its tempting to implement a <code>do ... while</code> in
+ a similar fashion:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">public class LoopExample {
+ ...
+ public static void doWhile_squareNumbers(final int limit) {
+ System.out.println("Computing square numbers");
+ int i = 4;
+ do {
+ System.out.println("i = " + i + ", i * i = " + i * i);
+ i += 3;
+ } while (i < limit);
+ System.out.println("Finished computing square numbers");
+ } ...</programlisting>
+
+ <para>This implementation however is flawed: If we call
+ doWhile_squareNumbers(3) we still receive one line of output.
+ But according to the documentation no output is to be
+ expected. Whatever the argument is, at least one output line
+ gets printed. To avoid this error the loop has to be enclosed
+ by an if- statement:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static void <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/loop/answer/de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/loop/LoopExample.html#doWhile_squareNumbers-int-">doWhile_squareNumbers</link>(final int limit) {
+ System.out.println("Computing square numbers");
+ int i = 4;
+ if (i < limit) { // Needed !!!
+ do {
+ System.out.println("i = " + i + ", i * i = " + i * i);
+ i += 3;
+ } while (i < limit);
+ }
+ System.out.println("Finished computing square numbers");
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>This required if-clause reminds us that a <code>do {...}
+ while (...)</code> is an ill-suited choice here in comparison
+ to a <code>while(...){...}</code> or a
+ <code>for(...){...}</code> loop.</para>
+
+ <para>Actually a <code>for(...){...} loop is the best choice
+ here since the number of iterations is known in advance, the
+ increment is constant and it allows for
+ initialization</code>.</para>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1MathTable">
+ <title>A mathematical table.</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaSinTable">
+ <title>Nicely formatting sine values.</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>We are interested in the following output presenting the
+ sine function rounded to three decimal places:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="ignore"> x | sin(x)
+----+------
+ 0 | 0.000
+ 5 | 0.087
+ 10 | 0.174
+ 15 | 0.259
+ 20 | 0.342
+----+-------
+ 25 | 0.423
+ 30 | 0.500
+ 35 | 0.574
+ 40 | 0.643
+----+-------
+... (left out for brevity's sake)
+----+-------
+325 |-0.574
+330 |-0.500
+335 |-0.423
+340 |-0.342
+----+-------
+345 |-0.259
+350 |-0.174
+355 |-0.870</programlisting>
+
+ <para>You may also generate HTML output.</para>
+
+ <para>Write a corresponding Java application producing this
+ output. You will have to deal with alignment problems, leading
+ spaces, padding zeros and so on. Though more sophisticated
+ support exists the following hints will fully suffice:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Consider the <link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#sin-double-">sin(...)</link>
+ function. The documentation will tell you that the
+ argument to sin(...) is expected to be in radians rather
+ than common degree values from [0,360[ being expected on
+ output. So you will have to transform degree values to
+ radians.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Depending on the angle's value you may want to add
+ one or two leading spaces to keep the first column right
+ aligned.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Depending on the sign you may want to add leading
+ spaces to the second column.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Rounding the sine's value is the crucial part here.
+ The function <link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#round-double-">round()</link>
+ is quite helpful. Consider the following example rounding
+ 23.22365 to four decimal places:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Multiplication by 10000 results in
+ 232236.5</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para><link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#round-double-">round(232236.5)</link>
+ results in 232237 (long).</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Integer division by 10000 yields 23</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The remainder (by 10000) is 2237</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>So you may print 23.2237 this way</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>You'll need padding zero values to transform e.g.
+ <quote>0.4</quote> to <quote>0.400</quote>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/rounding</para>
+ </annotation>
+
+ <para>See <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/rounding/de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/rounding/MathTable.html">MathTable</link>.</para>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+ <section xml:id="sd1Gcd">
+ <title>Loops II, The greatest common divisor and the common multiple</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaGcd">
+ <title>Finding the greatest common divisor of two integer
+ values</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>We recall <xref linkend="sde1QandaFraction"/>. So far no
+ one demands fractions to be kept in maximally reduced state. The
+ call new Fraction(4,8) will create an instance internally being
+ represented by <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:mi>4</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>8</m:mi>
+ </m:mfrac>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation> rather than by <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:mi>1</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+ </m:mfrac>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation>.</para>
+
+ <para>Reducing fractions requires a loop implementing e.g. the
+ <link
+ xlink:href="http://www.math.rutgers.edu/~greenfie/gs2004/euclid.html">Euclidean
+ algorithm</link> in order to find the greatest common divisor
+ (<acronym>GCD</acronym>) of two non-zero integer values.</para>
+
+ <para>Read the above link and implement a private class method
+ getGcd(long, long) inside a class
+ <classname>Math</classname>:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static long getGcd(long a, long b) <co
+ xml:id="sd1ListEuclidNeg"/> {
+ // Following http://www.math.rutgers.edu/~greenfie/gs2004/euclid.html
+ return ??;
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>With respect to fractions one or both parameters
+ <code>a</code> and <code>b</code> <coref
+ linkend="sd1ListEuclidNeg"/> may zero or negative. So we do have
+ several special cases to handle:</para>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>a == 0 and b == 0</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Return 1.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>a == 0 and b != 0</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Return absolute value of b.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>a != 0 and b != 0</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Return the <acronym>gcd</acronym> of the absolute
+ values of a and b</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+
+ <para>Based on <methodname>getGcd(...)</methodname> implement
+ the common multiple of two long values:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">public static long getCommonMultiple(long a, long b) {...}</programlisting>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/Gcd/V1</para>
+ </annotation>
+
+ <para>Implementing <methodname
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Gcd/V1/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/gcd/Math.html#getGcd-long-long-">getGcd(</methodname>...):</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static long <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Gcd/V1/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/gcd/Math.html#getCommonMultiple-long-long-">getGcd(long a, long b)</link> {
+
+ // Following http://www.math.rutgers.edu/~greenfie/gs2004/euclid.html
+ if (a < b) { // Swap the values of a and b
+ long tmp = a;
+ a = b;
+ b = tmp;
+ }
+ while (0 != b) {
+ long r = a % b;
+ a = b;
+ b = r;
+ }
+ return a;
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Knowing the the <acronym>gcd</acronym> of two values a and
+ b the common multiple may be obtained by <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:mi>a</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>gcd</m:mi>
+ </m:mfrac>
+
+ <m:mo>â¢</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:mi>b</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>gcd</m:mi>
+ </m:mfrac>
+
+ <m:mo>â¢</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>gcd</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>=</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>a</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¢</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>b</m:mi>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mi>gcd</m:mi>
+ </m:mfrac>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation>. Thus we have:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static long <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Gcd/V1/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/gcd/Math.html#getGcd-long-long-">getCommonMultiple(long a, long b)</link> {
+ final long gcd = getGcd(a, b);
+ if (1 == gcd) {
+ return a * b;
+ } else {
+ return (a / gcd) * b;
+ }
+ }</programlisting>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="ed1FractionCancel">
+ <title>Reducing fractions</title>
+
+ <para>The following exercise requires the import of the previous Maven
+ based exercise <xref linkend="sd1QandaGcd"/>. The import may be effected
+ by:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Creating a local Maven jar archive export by executing
+ <quote><command>mvn</command> <option>install</option></quote> in
+ project <xref linkend="sd1QandaGcd"/> at the command line.
+ Alternatively you may right click on your <xref
+ linkend="glo_pom.xml"/> file in <xref linkend="glo_Eclipse"/>
+ hitting <quote>Run as Maven build</quote> using
+ <parameter>install</parameter> as goal.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Defining <xref linkend="sd1QandaGcd"/> as a dependency <coref
+ linkend="mvnGcdDep"/> in your current project:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none"><project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+ xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
+ <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
+
+ <groupId>de.hdm-stuttgart.de.sd1</groupId>
+ <artifactId>fraction</artifactId>
+ <version>1.0</version>
+ <packaging>jar</packaging>
+
+ <name>fraction</name>
+ ...
+ <dependencies>
+ <emphasis role="bold"><dependency></emphasis> <co xml:id="mvnGcdDep"/>
+ <emphasis role="bold"><groupId>de.hdm-stuttgart.de.sd1</groupId>
+ <artifactId>gcd</artifactId>
+ <version>1.0</version>
+ <scope>compile</scope>
+ </dependency></emphasis>
+ <dependency>
+ <groupId>junit</groupId>
+ ...
+ </dependency>
+ </dependencies>
+</project></programlisting>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <figure xml:id="figMavenProjectDependency">
+ <title>Defining a dependency to another Maven artifact.</title>
+
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="Ref/Svg/mavenPrjRef.svg"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaFractionCancel">
+ <title>Implementing reducing of fractions</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>We have implemented <acronym>GCD</acronym> computation in
+ <xref linkend="sd1QandaGcd"/>. The current exercises idea is to
+ implement reducing of fractions by using the method
+ <methodname>long getGcd(long a, long b)</methodname>. Change the
+ following implementation items:</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The constructor should reduce a fraction if required,
+ see introductory remark.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The Methods <methodname>mult(...)</methodname> and
+ <methodname>add(...)</methodname> should reduce any
+ resulting Fraction instance. It might be worth to consider a
+ defensive strategy to avoid unnecessary overflow
+ errors.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>Test your results.</para>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/fraction/V2</para>
+ </annotation>
+
+ <para>Modifying the constructor is straightforward: On creating
+ a fraction we simply divide both numerator and denominator by
+ the <acronym>GCD</acronym> value:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/fraction/V2/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/fraction/Fraction.html#Fraction-long-long-">public Fraction(long numerator, long denominator)</link> {
+ final long gcd = Math.getGcd(numerator, denominator);
+
+ setNumerator(numerator / gcd);
+ setDenominator(denominator / gcd);
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Its tempting to implement
+ <methodname>mult(...)</methodname> in a simple fashion:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public Fraction mult2(Fraction f) {
+ return new Fraction(numerator * f.numerator,
+ denominator * f.denominator);
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>This is however too shortsighted. Consider the example
+ <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:mi>4</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>7</m:mi>
+ </m:mfrac>
+
+ <m:mo>â¢</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:mi>3</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+ </m:mfrac>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation>. Our simple implementation proposal would
+ call <code>new Fraction(12, 14)</code> only to discover a
+ <acronym>GCD</acronym> value of 4. Having larger argument values
+ this might cause an unnecessary overflow. Moreover the
+ <acronym>GCD</acronym> calculation will take longer than
+ needed.</para>
+
+ <para>We may instead transform the term in question by
+ exchanging the numerators like <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:mi>3</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>7</m:mi>
+ </m:mfrac>
+
+ <m:mo>â¢</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:mi>4</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+ </m:mfrac>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation> to enable reducing <emphasis
+ role="bold">prior</emphasis> to multiplying. Now the call
+ <code>new Fraction(4,2)</code> will construct the representation
+ <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>1</m:mi>
+ </m:mfrac>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation> and finishing the computation will yield the
+ correct result <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:mi>6</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>7</m:mi>
+ </m:mfrac>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation>. We should thus implement:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public Fraction <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/fraction/V2/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/fraction/Fraction.html#mult-de.hdm_stuttgart.mi.sd1.fraction.Fraction-">mult(Fraction f)</link> {
+ final Fraction f1 = new Fraction(f.numerator, denominator),
+ f2 = new Fraction(numerator, f.denominator);
+
+ return new Fraction(f1.numerator * f2.numerator,
+ f1.denominator * f2.denominator);
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Similar reflections lead to the clue decomposing the
+ denominators when implementing
+ <methodname>add(...)</methodname>. This is what you'd do as well
+ if your task was adding two fractions by hand trying to avoid
+ large numbers:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public Fraction <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/fraction/V2/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/fraction/Fraction.html#add-de.hdm_stuttgart.mi.sd1.fraction.Fraction-">add(Fraction f)</link> {
+
+ final long gcd = Math.getGcd(denominator, f.denominator);
+
+ return new Fraction( numerator * (f.denominator / gcd) + (denominator / gcd) * f.numerator,
+ (denominator / gcd) * f.denominator);
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>See complete <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/fraction/V2/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/fraction/Fraction.html">implementation
+ here</link>. We may re-use out test:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static void <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/fraction/V2/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/fraction/Driver.html#main-java.lang.String:A-">main(String[] args)</link> {
+
+ // Input
+ final Fraction
+ twoThird = new Fraction(2, 3), // Construct a fraction object (2/3)
+ threeSeven = new Fraction(3, 7); // Construct a fraction object (3/7)
+
+ // Computed results
+ final Fraction
+ sum = twoThird.add(threeSeven), // (2/3) + (3/7)
+ product = twoThird.mult(threeSeven); // (2/3) * (3/7)
+
+ System.out.println("(2/3) + (3/7) = (23/21) = " + sum.getValue());
+ System.out.println("(2/3) * (3/7) = (2/7) = " + product.getValue());
+ }</programlisting>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1MathMaxAbs">
+ <title>Building a private library of mathematical functions.</title>
+
+ <para>The following sections provide exercises on implementing
+ mathematical functions. We start with an easy one.</para>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaMaxAbs">
+ <title>Maximum and absolute value</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Implement two class methods double abs(double) and double
+ max(double, double, double) in a class math living in a package
+ of your choice:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">package de.hdm_stuttgart.de.sd1.math;
+
+/**
+ * Some class methods.
+ */
+public class Math {
+
+ /**
+ * Return the absolute value of a given argument
+ * @param value The argument to be considered
+ * @return the argument's absolute (positive) value.
+ */
+ public static double abs(double value) {
+ ... return ??;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * The maximum of two arguments
+ * @param a First argument
+ * @param b Second argument
+ * @return The maximum of a and b
+ */
+ public static double max(double a, double b) {
+ ... return ??;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * The maximum of three arguments
+ *
+ * @param a First argument
+ * @param b Second argument
+ * @param c Third argument
+ * @return The maximum of a, b and c
+ */
+ public static double max(double a, double b, double c) {
+ ... return ??;
+ }
+}</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Test these functions using appropriate data.</para>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/math/V0_5</para>
+ </annotation>
+
+ <para>See <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/math/V0_5/de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/math/Math.html">implementation
+ here.</link></para>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1SecExp">
+ <title>Implementing the exponential function.</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaMath">
+ <title>The exponential <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>f</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfenced>
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+ </m:mfenced>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>=</m:mo>
+
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>e</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation></title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>The exponential <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>f</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfenced>
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+ </m:mfenced>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>=</m:mo>
+
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>e</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation> is being defined by a power series:</para>
+
+ <equation xml:id="sd1EqnDefExp">
+ <title>Power series definition of <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>f</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfenced>
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+ </m:mfenced>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>=</m:mo>
+
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>e</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation></title>
+
+ <m:math display="block">
+ <m:mtable>
+ <m:mtr>
+ <m:mtd>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>e</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+
+ <m:mo>=</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>1</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>+</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>1</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>1</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>!</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mfrac>
+
+ <m:mo>+</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>!</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mfrac>
+
+ <m:mo>+</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>3</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>3</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>!</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mfrac>
+
+ <m:mo>+</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>...</m:mi>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mtd>
+ </m:mtr>
+
+ <m:mtr>
+ <m:mtd>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>=</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:munderover>
+ <m:mo>∑</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>i</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>=</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>0</m:mi>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mi mathvariant="normal">∞</m:mi>
+ </m:munderover>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>i</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>i</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>!</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mfrac>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mtd>
+ </m:mtr>
+ </m:mtable>
+ </m:math>
+ </equation>
+
+ <para>Implement a class method <methodname>double
+ exp(double)</methodname> inside a class <package>Math</package>
+ choosing a package of your choice. The name clash with the Java
+ standard class <link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html">java.lang.Math</link>
+ is intended: You'll learn how to resolve naming
+ conflicts.</para>
+
+ <para>Regarding practical calculations we replace the above
+ infinite series by a limited one. So the number of terms to be
+ considered will become a parameter which shall be configurable.
+ Continue the implementation of the following skeleton:</para>
+
+ <figure xml:id="sd1FigExpSketch">
+ <title>An implementation sketch for the exponential</title>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">public class Math {
+ ...
+
+ /**
+ * @param seriesLimit The last term's index of a power series to be included,
+ */
+ public static void setSeriesLimit(int seriesLimit) {...}
+
+ /**
+ * Approximating the natural exponential function by a finite
+ * number of terms from the corresponding power series.
+ *
+ * A power series implementation has to be finite since an
+ * infinite number of terms requires infinite execution time.
+ *
+ * The number of terms to be considered can be set by {@link #setSeriesLimit(int)}}
+ *
+ * @param x
+ * @return
+ */
+ public static double exp(double x) {...}
+}</programlisting>
+ </figure>
+
+ <para>Compare your results using <code>seriesLimit=8</code>
+ terms and the corresponding values from the professional
+ implementation <link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#exp-double">java.lang.Math.exp</link>
+ by calculating <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>e</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>1</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation>, <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>e</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation> and <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>e</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>3</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation>. What do you observe? Can you explain this
+ result?</para>
+
+ <para>Do not forget to provide suitable
+ <command>Javadoc</command> comments and watch the generated
+ documentation.</para>
+
+ <para>Hints:</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>You should only use basic arithmetic operations like
+ +, - * and /. Do not use <link
+ xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#pow-double-double-">Math.pow(double
+ a, double b)</link> and friends! Their implementations use
+ power series expansions as well and are designed for a
+ different purpose like having fractional exponent
+ values.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The power series' elements may be obtained in a
+ recursive fashion like e.g.:</para>
+
+ <informalequation>
+ <m:math display="block">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>3</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>3</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>!</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mfrac>
+
+ <m:mo>=</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mn>3</m:mn>
+ </m:mfrac>
+
+ <m:mo>â¢</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>!</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mfrac>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </informalequation>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/math/V1</para>
+ </annotation>
+
+ <para>Regarding the finite number of terms we implement the last
+ index to be considered as a class variable <coref
+ linkend="sd1ListingSeriesLimit"/> having default value 1. We
+ also provide a corresponding setter method <coref
+ linkend="sd1ListingSeriesLimitSetter"/> enabling users of our
+ class to choose an appropriate value:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">public class Math {
+
+ static int <emphasis role="bold">seriesLimit = 1</emphasis>; <co
+ xml:id="sd1ListingSeriesLimit"/>
+
+ /**
+ *
+ * @param seriesLimit The last term's index of a power series to be included,
+ * {@link }}.
+ */
+ public static void setSeriesLimit(int seriesLimit) { <co
+ xml:id="sd1ListingSeriesLimitSetter"/>
+ Math.seriesLimit = seriesLimit;
+ } ...</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Calculating values by a finite series requires a
+ loop:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static double exp(double x) {
+ double currentTerm = 1., // the first (i == 0) term x^0/0!
+ sum = currentTerm; // initialize to the power series' first term
+
+ for (int i = 1; i <= seriesLimit; i++) { // i = 0 has already been completed.
+ currentTerm *= x / i;
+ sum += currentTerm;
+ }
+ return sum;
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>You may also view the <productname>Javadoc</productname>
+ and the implementation of <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/math/V1/de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/math/Math.html#exp-double-">double
+ Math.exp(double)</link>. We may use the subsequent code snippet
+ for testing and comparing our implementation:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> Math.setSeriesLimit(6);
+
+ double byPowerSeries = Math.exp(1.);
+ System.out.println("e^1=" + byPowerSeries + ", difference=" + (byPowerSeries - java.lang.Math.exp(1.)));
+
+ byPowerSeries = Math.exp(2.);
+ System.out.println("e^2=" + byPowerSeries + ", difference=" + (byPowerSeries - java.lang.Math.exp(2.)));
+
+ byPowerSeries = Math.exp(3.);
+ System.out.println("e^3=" + byPowerSeries + ", difference=" + (byPowerSeries - java.lang.Math.exp(3.)));</programlisting>
+
+ <para>In comparison with a professional implementation we have
+ the following results:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="unknown">e^1=2.7180555555555554, difference=-2.262729034896438E-4
+e^2=7.355555555555555, difference=-0.033500543375095226
+e^3=19.412499999999998, difference=-0.67303692318767</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Our implementation based on just 6 terms is quite good for
+ small values of x. Larger values however exhibit growing
+ differences.</para>
+
+ <para>This is due to the fact that our approximation is in fact
+ just a polynomial of degree 6.</para>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1MathSin">
+ <title>Adding sine</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaSin">
+ <title>Implementing <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>(</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation>.</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>We may implement <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>(</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation> in a similar fashion to <xref
+ linkend="sd1EqnDefExp"/>:</para>
+
+ <equation xml:id="sd1EqnDefSin">
+ <title>Power series definition of <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>f</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfenced>
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+ </m:mfenced>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>=</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>(</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation></title>
+
+ <m:math display="block">
+ <m:mtable>
+ <m:mtr>
+ <m:mtd>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>(</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>=</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>-</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>3</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>3</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>!</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mfrac>
+
+ <m:mo>+</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>5</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>5</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>!</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mfrac>
+
+ <m:mo>-</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>7</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>7</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>!</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mfrac>
+
+ <m:mo>+</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>...</m:mi>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mtd>
+ </m:mtr>
+
+ <m:mtr>
+ <m:mtd>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>=</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:munderover>
+ <m:mo>∑</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>i</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>=</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>0</m:mi>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mi mathvariant="normal">∞</m:mi>
+ </m:munderover>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>(</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>-1</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mi>i</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>i</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mo>+</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>1</m:mi>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:msup>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>(</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>i</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>+</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>1</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>!</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mfrac>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mtd>
+ </m:mtr>
+ </m:mtable>
+ </m:math>
+ </equation>
+
+ <para>Extend <xref linkend="sd1FigExpSketch"/> by adding a
+ second method <methodname>double sin(double)</methodname>. Do
+ not forget to add suitable <command>Javadoc</command> comments
+ and watch the generated documentation.</para>
+
+ <para>Test your implementation by calculating the known values
+ <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>(</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+ </m:mfrac>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation>, <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>(</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation> and <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>(</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>4</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation> using <varname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#PI">java.lang.Math.PI</varname>.
+ Explain your results</para>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/math/V2</para>
+ </annotation>
+
+ <para>Taking seven terms into account we have the following
+ results:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="unknown">sin(pi/2)=0.9999999999939768, difference=-6.023181953196399E-12
+sin(pi)=-7.727858895155385E-7, difference=-7.727858895155385E-7
+sin(4 * PI)=-9143.306026012957, <emphasis role="bold">difference=-9143.306026012957</emphasis></programlisting>
+
+ <para>As with the implementation of <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>e</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation> larger (positive or negative) argument
+ values show growing differences. On the other hand the
+ approximation is remarkably precise for smaller arguments. The
+ reason again is the fact that our power series is just a
+ polynomial approximation.</para>
+
+ <para>You may also view the <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/math/V2/de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/math/Math.html#sin-double-">Javadoc</link>
+ and the implementation of <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/math/V2/de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/math/Math.html#sin-double-">double
+ Math.sin(double)</link>.</para>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sdnSecSinRoundingErrors">
+ <title>Strange things happen</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaReorderSin">
+ <title>Summing up in a different order.</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>We may reorder summing up within our power series
+ defining<inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>(</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation>:</para>
+
+ <equation xml:id="sde1MathReorderSumming">
+ <title>Reordering of terms with respect to an
+ implementation.</title>
+
+ <m:math display="block">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>(</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>=</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>+</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>(</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mo>-</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>3</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>3</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>!</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mfrac>
+
+ <m:mo>+</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>5</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>5</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>!</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mfrac>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>+</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mo>(</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mo>-</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>7</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>7</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>!</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mfrac>
+
+ <m:mo>+</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>9</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>9</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>!</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mfrac>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mo>+</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mo>...</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </equation>
+
+ <para>From a mathematical point of view there is no difference
+ to <xref linkend="sd1EqnDefSin"/>. Nevertheless:</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Rename your current sine implementation to
+ <methodname>double sinOld(double)</methodname>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Implement a new method <methodname>double
+ sin(double)</methodname> using the above summing
+ reordering.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>Compare the results of <methodname>double
+ sinOld(double)</methodname> and <methodname>double
+ sin(double)</methodname> for seven terms. What do you observe?
+ Do you have an explanation?</para>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/math/V3</para>
+ </annotation>
+
+ <para>The following results result from <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/math/V3/de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/math/Driver.html">this
+ test</link>:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="unknown">Old Implementation:+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+
+sinOld(pi/2)=0.9999999999939768, difference=-6.023181953196399E-12
+sinOld(pi)=-7.727858895155385E-7, difference=-7.727858895155385E-7
+sinOld(4 * PI)=-9143.306026012957, difference=-9143.306026012957
+
+New reorder Implementation:+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+
+sin(pi/2)=1.0000000000000435, difference=4.3520742565306136E-14
+sin(pi)=2.2419510618081458E-8, difference=2.2419510618081458E-8
+sin(4 * PI)=4518.2187229323445, difference=4518.2187229323445</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Comparing corresponding values our reordered
+ implementation is more than 100 times more precise. For larger
+ values we still have a factor of two.</para>
+
+ <para>This is due to limited arithmetic precision: Each double
+ value can only be approximated by an in memory representation of
+ eight bytes. Consider the following example:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> double one = 1.,
+ a = 0.000000000000200,
+ b = 0.000000000000201;
+
+ System.out.println("(1 + (a - b)) - 1:" + ((one + (a - b)) - one));
+ System.out.println("((1 + a) - b) - 1:" + (((one + a) - b) - one));</programlisting>
+
+ <para>This produces the following output:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="unknown">(1 + (a - b)) - 1:-9.992007221626409E-16
+((1 + a) - b) - 1:-8.881784197001252E-16</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Errors like this one sum up in a power series to
+ reasonable values especially if higher powers are
+ involved.</para>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1SinComplete">
+ <title>Completing sine implementation</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaSinMapArguments">
+ <title>Transforming arguments.</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>We've reached an implementation offering good results for
+ <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>(</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation> if <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>∈</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>[</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>-</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+ </m:mfrac>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>,</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+ </m:mfrac>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>]</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation>. The following rules may be used to retain
+ precision for arbitrary argument values:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <informalequation>
+ <m:math display="block">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:msub>
+ <m:mo>∀</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>∈</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi mathvariant="normal">â„</m:mi>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:msub>
+
+ <m:mo>,</m:mo>
+
+ <m:msub>
+ <m:mo>∀</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>n</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>∈</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi mathvariant="normal">ℤ</m:mi>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:msub>
+
+ <m:mo>:</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>(</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>n</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¢</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¢</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>+</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>=</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>(</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </informalequation>
+
+ <para>This rule of periodicity allows us to consider only
+ the interval <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>[</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>-</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>,</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>[</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation> like e.g. <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>(</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>20</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>=</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>(</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>20</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>-</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>3</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¢</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¢</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>≈</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>(</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>1.15</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <informalequation>
+ <m:math display="block">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:msub>
+ <m:mo>∀</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>∈</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi mathvariant="normal">â„</m:mi>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:msub>
+
+ <m:mo>:</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>(</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>=</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>(</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>-</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>x</m:mi>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </informalequation>
+
+ <para>This rule allows us to map values from <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>[</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>-</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>,</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>[</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation> to <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>[</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>-</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+ </m:mfrac>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>,</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+ </m:mfrac>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>[</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation> like e.g. <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>(2</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>=</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>(</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>-</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>≈</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>(</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>1.14</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>)</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>These two rules allow us to consider only the interval
+ <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>[</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>-</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+ </m:mfrac>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>,</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mfrac>
+ <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+ </m:mfrac>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>]</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation> with respect to our power series. Extend
+ your current implementation by mapping arbitrary arguments to
+ this interval appropriately.</para>
+
+ <para>Hint: The standard function <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#floor-double-">Math.rint(double)</methodname>
+ could be helpful: It may turn e.g. 4.47 (<code>double</code>) to
+ 4 (<code>long</code>).</para>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/math/V4</para>
+ </annotation>
+
+ <para>For convenience reasons we start defining PI within our
+ class:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">public class Math {
+
+ private static final double PI = java.lang.Math.PI;
+ ...</programlisting>
+
+ <para>No we need two steps mapping our argument:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static double sin(double x) {
+ // Step 1: Normalize x to [-PI, +PI[
+ final long countTimes2PI = (long) java.lang.Math.rint(x / 2 / PI);
+ if (countTimes2PI != 0) {
+ x -= 2 * PI * countTimes2PI;
+ }
+
+ // Step 2: Normalize x to [-PI/2, +PI/2]
+ // Since sin(x) = sin (PI - x) we continue to normalize
+ // having x in [-PI/2, +PI/2]
+ if (PI/2 < x) {
+ x = PI - x;
+ } else if (x < -PI/2) {
+ x = -x - PI;
+ }
+
+ // Step 3: Continue with business as usual
+ ...</programlisting>
+
+ <para>You may also view the <productname>Javadoc</productname>
+ and the implementation of <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/math/V4/de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/math/Math.html#sin-double-">double
+ Math.sin(double)</link>.</para>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+
+ </chapter>
+
+
diff --git a/Doc/Sd1/preliminaries.xml b/Doc/Sd1/preliminaries.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f4d1008ff373de99e902d881e08e9bc9af6be20f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/Sd1/preliminaries.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<chapter xml:id="sw1Lect1" version="5.0" xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
+ xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+ xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
+ xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+ xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
+ xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+ xmlns:db="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook">
+ <title>Lecture 1</title>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1CommonRessources">
+ <title>Common software development related resources</title>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><xref linkend="glo_HdM"/> mail server</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Either</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>read your mails regularly</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>activate mail forwarding to your <quote>real</quote>
+ account at <link
+ xlink:href="https://mail.hdm-stuttgart.de/webmail">https://mail.hdm-stuttgart.de/webmail</link>
+ (<quote>Filter</quote> tab).</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><acronym>MI <xref linkend="glo_VPN"/></acronym>
+ Installation</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>OpenVPN <acronym>wiki</acronym> <link
+ xlink:href="https://wiki.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/wiki/VPN">installation
+ page</link> (Login required). Look for HdM_MI_stud.ovpn allowing to
+ use a maximum of MI specific services.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>MI Cloud</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>25 GB free space. Base address <link
+ xlink:href="https://cloud.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/owncloud">https://cloud.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/owncloud</link>.
+ Client software for Linux, Android, <productname>IOS</productname>,
+ Windows, MacOS available at <link
+ xlink:href="http://owncloud.org/sync-clients">http://owncloud.org/sync-clients</link>.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>MI <xref linkend="glo_Git"/> / <xref linkend="glo_Svn"/>
+ repository</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para><link
+ xlink:href="https://version.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de">https://version.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de</link></para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>MI file server</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para><filename>Prototype user xy05 may acces his home directory via
+ \\srv2.srv.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de\xy05</filename> or
+ \\192.168.111.9\xy05 respectively.</para>
+
+ <caution>
+ <para>External access requires <acronym>VPN</acronym></para>
+ </caution>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sw1Resources">
+ <title>Lecture related resources</title>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Books / Literature</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Primary</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><xref linkend="bib_Koelling2010"/> or <xref
+ linkend="bib_Koelling2010Ger"/>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para><xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Secondary</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><xref linkend="bib_Jobst2014"/>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Older free online copy <xref
+ linkend="bib_Ullenboom2011"/> or current book <xref
+ linkend="bib_Ullenboom2014"/> including <xref
+ linkend="glo_Java"/> 8.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>UNIX shell introduction</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><link
+ xlink:href="http://software-carpentry.org/v4/shell">The
+ Unix Shell</link> / Software-carpentry, nice video
+ collection. Each section is also available in PDF and
+ <trademark>PowerPoint</trademark> format.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para><link
+ xlink:href="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Teaching/Unix">UNIX
+ Tutorial for Beginners</link>, text oriented.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para><link
+ xlink:href="http://vic.gedris.org/Manual-ShellIntro/1.2/ShellIntro.pdf">An
+ Introduction to ...</link>, small reference of important
+ command names, filename conventions etc.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Live lecture additions</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para><link
+ xlink:href="https://cloud.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/owncloud/public.php?service=files&t=df9f296af3298f96361a15a679390e59">MI
+ cloud folder</link></para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><xref linkend="glo_Eclipse"/> <xref
+ linkend="glo_IDE"/></glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><link
+ xlink:href="http://wiki.eclipse.org/Eclipse/Installation">Installation</link>,
+ choose <quote>Eclipse IDE for Java Developers</quote> from <link
+ xlink:href="http://eclipse.org/downloads">http://eclipse.org/downloads</link>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Maven artifact
+ <quote>mi-maven-archetype-quickstart</quote></glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Configure <filename
+ xlink:href="http://maven.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/Archetypes/catalog.xml">catalog.xml</filename>
+ in your <xref linkend="glo_Eclipse"/> <xref linkend="glo_IDE"/>
+ at
+ <guimenu>Window-->Preferences-->Maven-->Archetypes-->Add
+ Remote Catalog</guimenu>. Click <guibutton>verify</guibutton> to
+ assure correct configuration.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><productname>Virtualbox</productname>
+ <productname>Lubuntu</productname> VM</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para><link
+ xlink:href="ftp://mirror.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/ubuntu/VirtualBox">ftp://mirror.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/ubuntu/VirtualBox</link>.</para>
+
+ <caution>
+ <para>External access requires <acronym>VPN</acronym></para>
+ </caution>
+
+ <para>If you experience bad <productname>Virtualbox</productname>
+ performance on your system please consider <link
+ xlink:href="http://blog.jdpfu.com/2012/09/14/solution-for-slow-ubuntu-in-virtualbox">solution-for-slow-ubuntu-in-virtualbox</link>
+ and the <link
+ xlink:href="http://blog.jdpfu.com/ALE/ALE-NW/Ubuntu-12.04-x32-install.pdf">referenced
+ collection of screenshots</link>.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+ </section>
+</chapter>
diff --git a/Doc/Sd1/streams.xml b/Doc/Sd1/streams.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fdf58cf65304efcfaf9ddfbb9b47857b98940457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/Sd1/streams.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+ <chapter xml:id="sd1ReadCharStreams" version="5.0"
+ xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
+ xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+ xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
+ xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+ xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
+ xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+ xmlns:db="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook">
+ <title>Reading character streams (15.12.)</title>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1ReadCharStreamsPrepare">
+ <title>Preparations</title>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Section <quote>Interfaces</quote> of chapter 6 in <xref
+ linkend="bib_Horton2011"/>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Chapter 8 of <xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/> excluding the
+ last chapter <quote>The Standard Streams</quote>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para><link xlink:href="Ref/Svg/exception.svg">Exception
+ basics</link>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1GnuWc">
+ <title>Exercises</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaLinenumbers">
+ <title>Adding line numbers to text files</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>We want to add line numbers to arbitrary text files not
+ necessarily being related to programming. Consider the following
+ HTML example input:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"><html>
+ <head>
+ <title>A simple HTML example</title>
+ </head>
+ <body>
+ <p>Some text ... </p>
+ </body>
+</html></programlisting>
+
+ <para>Your application shall add line numbers:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">1: <html>
+2: <head>
+3: <title>A simple HTML example</title>
+4: </head>
+5: <body>
+6: <p>Some text ... </p>
+7: </body>
+8: </html></programlisting>
+
+ <para>Hints:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Given the name of an existing file you may create an
+ instance of <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/BufferedReader.html">BufferedReader</classname>:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">final FileReader fileReader = new FileReader(inputFileName);
+final BufferedReader inputBufferedReader = new BufferedReader(fileReader);</programlisting>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>You will have to deal with possible <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/FileNotFoundException.html">FileNotFoundException</classname>
+ problems providing meaningful error messages.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/BufferedReader.html">BufferedReader</classname>
+ class provides a method <methodname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/BufferedReader.html#readLine--">readLine()</methodname>
+ allowing to access a given file's content line by
+ line.</para>
+
+ <caution>
+ <para>Even if a file exists you have my encounter
+ <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/IOException.html">IOException</classname>
+ problems being related to <acronym>i.e.</acronym> missing
+ permissions.</para>
+ </caution>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/Wc/readFile</para>
+ </annotation>
+
+ <para>This solutions reacts both to inexistent files and general
+ IO problems:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">File not found: Testdata/input.java</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Two test cases deal both with readable and non-existing
+ files: and expected exceptions:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> @Test
+ public void testReadFileOk() throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
+ ReadFile.openStream("Testdata/input.txt"); // Existing file
+ }
+ @Test (expected=FileNotFoundException.class) // We expect this exception to be thrown
+ public void testReadMissingFile() throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
+ ReadFile.openStream("Testdata/input.java"); // Does not exist
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Notice the second test which will only succeed if a
+ <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/FileNotFoundException.html">FileNotFoundException</classname>
+ is being thrown.</para>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaWc">
+ <title>A partial implementation of GNU UNIX
+ <command>wc</command></title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>In this exercise we will partly implement the (Gnu) UNIX
+ command line tool <command
+ xlink:href="http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/wc-invocation.html">wc</command>
+ (word count). Prior to starting this exercise you may want
+ to:</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Execute <command
+ xlink:href="http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/wc-invocation.html">wc</command>
+ for sample text files like e.g. a Java source file of
+ similar:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="bourne">goik >wc BoundedIntegerStore.java
+ 58 198 1341 BoundedIntegerStore.java
+</programlisting>
+
+ <para>What do these three numbers 58, 198 and 1341 mean?
+ Execute <command>wc</command> <option>--help</option> or
+ <command>man</command> <option>wc</option> or read the <link
+ xlink:href="http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/wc-invocation.html">HTML
+ documentation</link>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para><command>wc</command> may process several file in
+ parallel thereby producing an extra line <coref
+ linkend="sd1PlWcExtraLine"/> summing up all values:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="bourne">goik >wc bibliography.xml swd1.xml
+ 69 83 2087 bibliography.xml
+ 6809 18252 248894 swd1.xml
+ <emphasis role="bold">6878 18335 250981 total</emphasis> <co
+ xml:id="sd1PlWcExtraLine"/>
+</programlisting>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para><command>wc</command> can be used in <link
+ xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_(Unix)">pipes</link>
+ () like:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="bourne">goik >grep int BoundedIntegerStore.java | wc
+ 12 76 516</programlisting>
+
+ <para>The above output <quote>12 76 516</quote> tells us
+ that our file <filename>BoundedIntegerStore.java</filename>
+ does have 12 lines containing the string
+ <quote>int</quote>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>A partial implementation shall offer all features being
+ mentioned in the introduction. The following steps are a
+ proposal for your implementation:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Write a method counting the number of words within a
+ given string. We assume words to be separated by at least
+ one white space character (<code>space</code> or
+ <code>\t</code>). Write some tests to assure correct
+ behaviour.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Read input either from a list of files or from
+ standard input depending on the number of arguments to
+ main(String[] args):</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>If <code>args.length == 0</code> assume to read
+ from standard input.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>if <code>0 < args.length</code> try to
+ interpret the arguments as filenames.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Write a class <code>TextFileStatistics</code> being
+ able to and count characters, words and lines of a single
+ input file. Instances of this class may be initialized from
+ a <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/BufferedReader.html">BufferedReader</classname>.</para>
+
+ <para>Write corresponding tests.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>You may create an instance of <classname
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/BufferedReader.html">BufferedReader</classname>
+ from <link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#in">System.in</link>
+ via:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in))</programlisting>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Create an executable Jar archive and execute some
+ examples. The UNIX command <command
+ xlink:href="http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/cat-invocation.html#cat-invocation">cat</command>
+ writes a file's content to standard output. This output may
+ be piped as input to your application as in <code>cat
+ filename.txt | java -jar .../wc-1.0.jar</code>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/Wc/wc</para>
+ </annotation>
+
+ <para>Executing <command>mvn</command> <option>package</option>
+ creates an executable Jar file
+ <filename>../target/wc-1.0.jar</filename>. We test both ways of
+ operation:</para>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Reading from standard input</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <programlisting language="bourne">goik >cat Testdata/input.html | java -jar target/wc-1.0.jar
+ 9 14 137</programlisting>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Passing file names as parameters</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <programlisting language="bourne">goik >java -jar target/wc-1.0.jar Testdata/*
+ 9 14 137 Testdata/input.html
+ 4 5 41 Testdata/model.css
+ 13 19 178 total</programlisting>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+
+ <para><xref linkend="glo_Junit"/> tests of internal
+ functionality:</para>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Counting words in a given string:</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <programlisting language="java"> @Test
+ public void testNoWord() {
+ Assert.assertEquals("Just white space", 0, TextFileStatistics.findNoOfWords(" \t"));
+ }
+
+ @Test
+ public void testSingleWord() {
+ final String s = "We're";
+ Assert.assertEquals("text='" + s + "'", 1, TextFileStatistics.findNoOfWords(s));
+ }
+
+ @Test
+ public void testTwoWords() {
+ final String s = "We are";
+ Assert.assertEquals("text='" + s + "'", 2, TextFileStatistics.findNoOfWords(s));
+ }
+
+ @Test
+ public void testWordsWhiteHead() {
+ final String s = "\t \tBegin_space";
+ Assert.assertEquals("text='" + s + "'", 1, TextFileStatistics.findNoOfWords(s));
+ }
+
+ @Test
+ public void testWordsWhiteTail() {
+ final String s = "End_space \t ";
+ Assert.assertEquals("text='" + s + "'", 1, TextFileStatistics.findNoOfWords(s));
+ }
+
+ @Test
+ public void testWhiteMulti() {
+ final String s = " some\t\tinterspersed \t spaces \t\t ";
+ Assert.assertEquals("text='" + s + "'", 3, TextFileStatistics.findNoOfWords(s));
+ }</programlisting>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Analyzing test file data:</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <programlisting language="java"> @Test
+ public void testTwoInputFiles() throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
+
+ final String model_css_filename = "Testdata/model.css", // 4 lines 5 words 41 character
+ input_html_filename = "Testdata/input.html"; // 9 lines 14 words 137 character
+ //_________________________________________
+ // total 13 lines 19 words 178 character
+
+ final TextFileStatistics
+ model_css = new TextFileStatistics(
+ new BufferedReader(new FileReader(model_css_filename)), model_css_filename),
+
+ input_html = new TextFileStatistics(new BufferedReader(
+ new FileReader(input_html_filename)), input_html_filename);
+
+ // File Testdata/model.css
+ Assert.assertEquals( 4, model_css.numLines);
+ Assert.assertEquals( 5, model_css.numWords);
+ Assert.assertEquals(41, model_css.numCharacters);
+
+ // File Testdata/input.html
+ Assert.assertEquals( 9, input_html.numLines);
+ Assert.assertEquals( 14, input_html.numWords);
+ Assert.assertEquals(137, input_html.numCharacters);
+
+ // Grand total
+ Assert.assertEquals( 13, TextFileStatistics.getTotalNumLines());
+ Assert.assertEquals( 19, TextFileStatistics.getTotalNumWords());
+ Assert.assertEquals(178, TextFileStatistics.getTotalNumCharacters());
+ }</programlisting>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+ </chapter>
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diff --git a/Doc/Sda2/jax-rs.xml b/Doc/Sda2/jax-rs.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..86d0a6fd7be3ec9df8c357e9d1c53691d707579b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/Sda2/jax-rs.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+ <chapter xml:id="jax-rs" version="5.0" xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
+ xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+ xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
+ xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+ xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
+ xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+ xmlns:db="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook">
+ <title>REST applications based on <xref linkend="glo_Java"/>-rs</title>
+
+ <para><link xlink:href="Ref/Fig/jaxRs.svg">Introductory
+ slides</link>.</para>
+
+ <para>Sample chapters from <xref linkend="bib_Burke13"/> available at <uri
+ xlink:href="https://github.com/oreillymedia/restful_java_jax-rs_2_0">https://github.com/oreillymedia/restful_java_jax-rs_2_0</uri>.</para>
+ </chapter>
diff --git a/Sda2/sda2.xml b/Doc/Sda2/jpa.xml
similarity index 80%
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index 1e265ae5634bb2cedc688bfa83e2606260e708a9..cb4b1b0151ac2a3d78668341ec707fdd01dcd628 100644
--- a/Sda2/sda2.xml
+++ b/Doc/Sda2/jpa.xml
@@ -1,794 +1,10 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-<book version="5.0" xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
+ <chapter xml:id="jpa" version="5.0" xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:db="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook">
- <info>
- <title>Structured data and applications 2</title>
-
- <author>
- <personname><firstname>Martin</firstname>
- <surname>Goik</surname></personname>
-
- <affiliation>
- <orgname>http://medieninformatik.hdm-stuttgart.de</orgname>
- </affiliation>
- </author>
-
- <legalnotice>
- <para>Source code available at <uri
- xlink:href="https://version.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/git/GoikLectures">https://version.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/git/GoikLectures</uri></para>
- </legalnotice>
- </info>
-
- <chapter xml:id="ldap">
- <title><link linkend="glo_LDAP">ldap</link> and <link
- linkend="glo_JDBC">JDBC</link></title>
-
- <section xml:id="ldapIntro">
- <title>Getting started with <xref linkend="glo_LDAP"/></title>
-
- <para>Resources:</para>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para><link
- xlink:href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/ch3">Schema,
- objectclasses and attributes</link></para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para><link xlink:href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/apd">LDAP
- Glossary</link></para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="ldapSetup">
- <title>Setting up an <productname
- xlink:href="http://www.openldap.org">Openldap</productname>
- server</title>
-
- <para>The MI department provides an <productname
- xlink:href="http://www.openldap.org">Openldap</productname> server at
- each workstation (<productname
- xlink:href="http://www.ubuntu.com/desktop">Ubuntu</productname> / Linux
- only). The <xref linkend="glo_LDAP"/> manager credentials are:</para>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Bind <xref linkend="glo_DN"/>:</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para><code>cn=admin,dc=hdm-stuttgart,dc=de</code></para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Bind password:</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para><code>XYZ</code></para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
-
- <para>In addition <xref linkend="glo_ApacheDirectoryStudio"/> is in
- place and may serve as a means to conveniently establish <xref
- linkend="glo_LDAP"/> communications. Console geeks may use <command
- xlink:href="http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LDAP-HOWTO/utilities.html">ldapmodify</command>
- and friends.</para>
-
- <task>
- <title>Set up a connection to your local <xref linkend="glo_LDAP"/>
- server</title>
-
- <procedure>
- <step>
- <para>Open <xref linkend="glo_ApacheDirectoryStudio"/>.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>Activate the <xref linkend="glo_LDAP"/> perspective.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>In the <quote>Connections</quote> window right click
- <quote>New Connection ...</quote> like in <uri
- xlink:href="http://directory.apache.org/studio/users-guide/ldap_browser/gettingstarted_create_connection.html">http://directory.apache.org/studio/users-guide/ldap_browser/gettingstarted_create_connection.html</uri>.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>Configure a connection to <parameter
- xlink:href="http://www.techterms.com/definition/localhost">localhost</parameter>
- using the above bind parameters.</para>
- </step>
- </procedure>
- </task>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="ldapSimpleInserts">
- <title>Adding some sample data using <xref
- linkend="glo_ApacheDirectoryStudio"/></title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="qandaPopulateLdap">
- <title>Populating the <xref linkend="glo_DIT"/></title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Add two departments <code>billing</code> and
- <code>research</code>. Then supply corresponding user entries to
- both departments by using the <link
- xlink:href="http://directory.apache.org/studio/users-guide/ldap_browser/gettingstarted_browse.html">LDAP
- browser view</link>. (As being mentioned previously hardcore
- hackers take <link
- xlink:href="http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LDAP-HOWTO/utilities.html">this
- track</link> neglecting time consuming <xref linkend="glo_GUI"/>
- stuff).</para>
-
- <para>Hint: If you do have limited understanding of <xref
- linkend="glo_LDAP"/> classes an schemata you may want to create
- entries containing the following <parameter
- xlink:href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/apd/index.html#objectclass">objectClass</parameter>
- values:</para>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Departments <code>billing</code> and
- <code>research</code>:</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para><code
- xlink:href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/ape/#organizationalunit">organizationalUnit</code>
- (structural)</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Child user entries below <code>billing</code> and
- <code>research</code>:</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para><code
- xlink:href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/ape/#organizationalperson">organizationalPerson</code>
- (structural) and <code
- xlink:href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/ape/#posixaccount">posixAccount</code>
- (auxiliary)</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
-
- <para>Note that required parent <parameter
- xlink:href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/apd/index.html#objectclass">objectClass</parameter>
- definitions like <code>top</code> and <code
- xlink:href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/ape/#person">person</code>
- are being omitted here. <xref
- linkend="glo_ApacheDirectoryStudio"/> will gracefully add
- missing objectClasses on behalf of you automatically. The
- subsequent <xref linkend="glo_LDIF"/> dump may serve as a
- hint:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">...
- <emphasis role="bold">dn: ou=billing,dc=hdm-stuttgart,dc=de</emphasis>
- objectClass: top
- objectClass: organizationalUnit
- ou: billing
-
- <emphasis role="bold">dn: ou=research,dc=hdm-stuttgart,dc=de</emphasis>
- objectClass: top
- objectClass: organizationalUnit
- ou: research
-
- <emphasis role="bold">dn: uid=lapinski,ou=billing,dc=hdm-stuttgart,dc=de</emphasis>
- objectClass: posixAccount
- objectClass: top
- objectClass: person
- objectClass: organizationalPerson
- cn: Mee Lapinski
- gidNumber: 100
- homeDirectory: /home/lapinski
- sn: Lapinski
- uid: lapinski
- uidNumber: 1023
- ...</programlisting>
-
- <para>Question: What is the ratio behind adding the
- <code>objectClass</code> value <code>posixAccount</code>? Hint:
- Try to create a corresponding dataset having two persons with
- identical names within the same department.</para>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <para>Your result may look like:</para>
-
- <figure xml:id="figureLdapTwoDepartments">
- <title>Two departments billing and research populated with
- sample user entries</title>
-
- <screenshot>
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="Ref/Screen/ldapSampleUsers.png"/>
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </screenshot>
- </figure>
-
- <para>Without having the <code>objectClass</code> value
- <code>posixAccount</code> the attribute <code>uid</code> would
- be disallowed and could thus not be part of our <xref
- linkend="glo_DN"/> values. This would leave us with solutions
- like:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none"><emphasis role="bold">dn: cn=Mee Lapinski,ou=billing,dc=hdm-stuttgart,dc=de</emphasis></programlisting>
-
- <para>This in turn disallows identical common names (e.g. a
- second <personname>Mee Lapinski</personname>) within the same
- department. Thus the auxiliary objectClass posixAccount enables
- us to introduce additional mandatory <code>uid</code> attribute
- being the unique identifier within a given parent scope.</para>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="ldifImportExport">
- <title><xref linkend="glo_LDIF"/> export and import</title>
-
- <para>This section is intended to get acquainted with <xref
- linkend="glo_LDIF"/> representation of <xref linkend="glo_LDAP"/> data
- and requires successful completion of <xref
- linkend="qandaPopulateLdap"/> as a prerequisite. You may want to read
- <uri
- xlink:href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/ch8">http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/ch8</uri>.</para>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="qanda_ldifExportImport">
- <title>Exporting, modifying and importing <xref linkend="glo_LDAP"/>
- data using the <xref linkend="glo_LDIF"/> interchange
- representation.</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Export your current database state being left from <xref
- linkend="qandaPopulateLdap"/> to an <xref linkend="glo_LDIF"/>
- text file.</para>
-
- <para>Subsequently use this database dump file as a starting
- point to create a <xref linkend="glo_LDIF"/> import file adding
- a department <quote>pr</quote> (public relations) containing a
- user <quote>Paul Simon</quote> with suitable attribute values to
- the dataset.</para>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <para>Adding the new entries in question requires:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">version: 1
-
- dn: ou=pr,dc=hdm-stuttgart,dc=de
- objectClass: top
- objectClass: organizationalUnit
- ou: pr
-
- dn: uid=simon,ou=pr,dc=hdm-stuttgart,dc=de
- objectClass: posixAccount
- objectClass: top
- objectClass: person
- objectClass: organizationalPerson
- cn: Paul Simon
- gidNumber: 130
- homeDirectory: /home/tauras
- sn: Svetlana
- uid: tauras
- uidNumber: 1028</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="ditSearch">
- <title>Searching the <xref linkend="glo_DIT"/></title>
-
- <para>Like relational and other database types <xref
- linkend="glo_LDAP"/> provides a <link
- xlink:href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/apa/search.html">query
- language</link> to filter result entries.</para>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="qanda_firstLdapQuery">
- <title>Filtering child elements</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Create <xref linkend="glo_LDAP"/> queries corresponding to
- the following descriptions:</para>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>All users entries within the whole <xref
- linkend="glo_DIT"/> having a gidNumber value of 100.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>All user entries belonging to the billing department
- having a <code>uid</code> value greater than 1023.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>All user entries within the whole <xref
- linkend="glo_DIT"/> having a common name containing the
- substring <quote>ei</quote>.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>All user entries within the whole <xref
- linkend="glo_DIT"/> belonging to gidNumber == 100 or having
- a <code>uid</code> value starting with letter
- <quote>t</quote>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
-
- <para>Hint: <xref linkend="glo_ApacheDirectoryStudio"/> allows
- both for <link
- xlink:href="http://directory.apache.org/studio/users-guide/ldap_browser/tools_filter_editor_dialog.html">filtering</link>
- and <link
- xlink:href="http://directory.apache.org/studio/users-guide/ldap_browser/gettingstarted_search.html">searching</link>
- providing nifty features like attribute name completion and
- syntax highlighting. For regular searches you may define:</para>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>The <xref linkend="glo_DIT"/> entry to start from
- being identified by its <xref linkend="glo_DN"/>.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>The search scope being either of object, one level or
- subtree.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Boolean expressions based on attribute values.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
-
- <para>But yes, I forgot to mention <link
- xlink:href="http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LDAP-HOWTO/utilities.html">something</link>.</para>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">All users entries within the
- whole </emphasis><xref linkend="glo_DIT"/><emphasis
- role="bold"> having a gidNumber value of
- 100.</emphasis></para>
-
- <para>Solution: <code>(gidNumber=100)</code>, starting from
- top of <xref linkend="glo_DIT"/> having subtree
- scope.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">All user entries belonging to
- the billing department having a <code>uid</code> value
- greater than 1023.</emphasis></para>
-
- <para>Solution: <code>(uidNumber>=1024)</code> starting
- from <xref linkend="glo_DN"/>
- <code>ou=billing,dc=hdm-stuttgart,dc=de</code> and scope
- <code>one level</code>.</para>
-
- <para>Notice the expression
- <code>(uidNumber>=1024)</code> in favour of the seemingly
- equivalent but syntactically illegal counterpart
- <code>(uidNumber>1023)</code>.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">All user entries within the
- whole </emphasis><xref linkend="glo_DIT"/><emphasis
- role="bold"> having a common name containing the substring
- <quote>ei</quote>.</emphasis></para>
-
- <para>Solution: <code>(cn=*ei*)</code>, starting from top of
- <xref linkend="glo_DIT"/> having subtree scope.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">All user entries within the
- whole </emphasis><xref linkend="glo_DIT"/><emphasis
- role="bold"> belonging to gidNumber == 100 or having a
- <code>uid</code> value starting with letter
- <quote>t</quote>.</emphasis></para>
-
- <para>Solution: <code>(|(gidNumber=100)(uid=t*))</code>,
- starting from top of <xref linkend="glo_DIT"/> having
- subtree scope.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="unix2sql2ldap">
- <title><xref linkend="glo_UNIX"/> to <xref linkend="glo_SQL"/> to <xref
- linkend="glo_LDAP"/></title>
-
- <para><xref linkend="glo_UNIX"/> type operating systems manage users,
- groups and their respective relationships in three different text
- files:</para>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Users being defined on the system:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
- daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin
- bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
- sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/usr/sbin/nologin
- sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync
- ...</programlisting>
-
- <para>We illustrate the meaning of this <xref linkend="glo_CSV"/>
- (actually **character** separated) by examining the first
- row:</para>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Column 1, <code>root</code>:</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>The user's unique system name as being entered at
- login.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Column 2, x<code>:</code></glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>This field is not being used on current <xref
- linkend="glo_UNIX"/> implementations. Historically either
- the user's clear text password or its hash value was present
- here. For security reasons this attribute has been moved to
- a third file <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> being read
- access protected to non-administrator users.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Column 3, <code>0</code>:</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>The user's unique integer numerical
- <parameter>uid</parameter> number value.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Column 4, <code>0</code>:</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>The user's unique primary group integer numerical
- <parameter>gid</parameter> number value. The value
- <quote>0</quote> here refers to a group root of identical
- name being defined in <filename>/etc/group</filename>, see
- next section.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Column 5, <code>root</code>:</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>The user's common name. For a regular user account
- this might be <quote>Jim Beam</quote> for example.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Column 6, <filename>/root</filename>:</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>The user's home directory. Might be /home/beam for a
- user <quote>Jim Beam</quote>.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Column 7, <command>/bin/bash</command>:</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>The user's login shell (command interpreter. This
- attribute contains a reference to a command interpreter like
- <command>/bin/(t)csh</command>, <command>/bin/ksh</command>
- and so on.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><filename>/etc/group</filename></glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>This file contains all groups being defined on the
- system:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">root:x:0:
- daemon:x:1:
- bin:x:2:
- sys:x:3:
- adm:x:4:syslog,mi <co xml:id="secondaryGroupmembership"/>
- tty:x:5:
- ...</programlisting>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Column1,root:</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>The group's name</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Column 2, x:</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Not used</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Column 3, 4:</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>The group's unique <parameter>gid</parameter>
- number</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Column 4, <code>syslog,mi</code>:</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>The set <code>{syslog,mi}</code> <coref
- linkend="secondaryGroupmembership"/> defines secondary group
- memberships: These two users will belong to the group
- <code>adm</code> in addition to their respective primary
- group definition.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="qandUnixToSqlToLdap">
- <title>Exporting and importing data</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Write two applications being able to perform the following
- tasks:</para>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Import the previously described UNIX user and group
- data ton an RDBMS using <xref linkend="glo_JDBC"/>. You will
- have to define a suitable SQL schema first.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Transfer RDBMS data to your local <xref
- linkend="glo_LDAP"/> server using <link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/jndi/tutorial/ldap/misc/url.html">JNDI</link>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/UnixSqlLdap/Jndi/Unix2Rdbms</para>
- </annotation>
-
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/UnixSqlLdap/Jndi/Rdbms2Ldap</para>
- </annotation>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="transactionsInJdbc">
- <title>Transactions in <xref linkend="glo_JDBC"/></title>
-
- <para>You may review some remarks on SQL standard isolation level
- definitions:</para>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para><xref linkend="glo_Javadoc"/>:</para>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para><link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/sql/Connection.html#TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED">TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED</link></para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para><link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/sql/Connection.html#TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED">TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED</link></para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para><link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/sql/Connection.html#TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ">TRANSACTION_READ_REPEATABLE_READ</link></para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para><link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/sql/Connection.html#TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE">TRANSACTION_READ_SERIALIZABLE</link></para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para><link
- xlink:href="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/issue-archive/2005/05-nov/o65asktom-082389.html">On
- Transaction Isolation Levels (Oracle)</link></para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para><link
- xlink:href="http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms378149(v=sql.110).aspx">Understanding
- Isolation Levels (Microsoft)</link></para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
-
- <section xml:id="accountTransferPessimistic">
- <title>Account Transfer using pessimistic concurrency control</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="qandaJdbcIsolation">
- <title>Accounts and balances</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Consider the following simple schema of accounts keeping
- customer balances:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">CREATE TABLE Account (
- number INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY
- ,balance INT NOT NULL
- )</programlisting>
-
- <para>Write two GUI applications to:</para>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Transfer amounts from one account to another</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Get the sum of all balances</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
-
- <informalfigure>
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="Ref/Screen/accountTransferSum.png"/>
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </informalfigure>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/account</para>
- </annotation>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="accountTransferOptimistic">
- <title>Account Transfer using optimistic concurrency control</title>
-
- <figure xml:id="fig_optimisticConcurrencyControl">
- <title>Optimistic concurrency control</title>
-
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/concurrentOptimistic.svg"/>
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </figure>
-
- <para>An interfering transaction obeying the protocol causes a
- transaction failure:</para>
-
- <figure xml:id="concurrentObtimisticFail">
- <title>Failure with optimistic transactions</title>
-
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/concurrentOptimisticFail.svg"/>
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </figure>
-
- <para>Considerations:</para>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Race conditions, time of check to time of use</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="qandaTransferOptimistic">
- <title>Optimistic account transfer</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Implement your (pessimistic) account transfer
- application <xref linkend="qandaJdbcIsolation"/> in an
- optimistic manner:</para>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Make sure both source and destination accounts get
- protected against interfering transactions.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Provide a means to definitely avoid deadlocks during
- the second transaction section of a balance transfer
- operation.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Supply a suitable message in case of an interfering
- second balance transfer</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </question>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
- </section>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter xml:id="jpa">
<title><xref linkend="glo_JPA"/></title>
<remark>Mapping tools should be used only by someone familiar with
@@ -3830,18 +3046,3 @@
<para>Describe the difference and construct an example.</para>
</section>
</chapter>
-
- <chapter xml:id="jax-rs">
- <title>REST applications based on <xref linkend="glo_Java"/>-rs</title>
-
- <para><link xlink:href="Ref/Fig/jaxRs.svg">Introductory
- slides</link>.</para>
-
- <para>Sample chapters from <xref linkend="bib_Burke13"/> available at <uri
- xlink:href="https://github.com/oreillymedia/restful_java_jax-rs_2_0">https://github.com/oreillymedia/restful_java_jax-rs_2_0</uri>.</para>
- </chapter>
-
- <xi:include href="../glossary.xml" xpointer="element(/1)"/>
-
- <xi:include href="../bibliography.xml" xpointer="element(/1)"/>
-</book>
diff --git a/Doc/Sda2/ldap.xml b/Doc/Sda2/ldap.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e579d52a62a0ae6bd15aee0f7979817d05c5310
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/Sda2/ldap.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,769 @@
+ <chapter xml:id="ldap" version="5.0" xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
+ xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+ xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
+ xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+ xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
+ xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+ xmlns:db="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook">
+ <title><link linkend="glo_LDAP">ldap</link> and <link
+ linkend="glo_JDBC">JDBC</link></title>
+
+ <section xml:id="ldapIntro">
+ <title>Getting started with <xref linkend="glo_LDAP"/></title>
+
+ <para>Resources:</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><link
+ xlink:href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/ch3">Schema,
+ objectclasses and attributes</link></para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para><link xlink:href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/apd">LDAP
+ Glossary</link></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="ldapSetup">
+ <title>Setting up an <productname
+ xlink:href="http://www.openldap.org">Openldap</productname>
+ server</title>
+
+ <para>The MI department provides an <productname
+ xlink:href="http://www.openldap.org">Openldap</productname> server at
+ each workstation (<productname
+ xlink:href="http://www.ubuntu.com/desktop">Ubuntu</productname> / Linux
+ only). The <xref linkend="glo_LDAP"/> manager credentials are:</para>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Bind <xref linkend="glo_DN"/>:</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para><code>cn=admin,dc=hdm-stuttgart,dc=de</code></para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Bind password:</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para><code>XYZ</code></para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+
+ <para>In addition <xref linkend="glo_ApacheDirectoryStudio"/> is in
+ place and may serve as a means to conveniently establish <xref
+ linkend="glo_LDAP"/> communications. Console geeks may use <command
+ xlink:href="http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LDAP-HOWTO/utilities.html">ldapmodify</command>
+ and friends.</para>
+
+ <task>
+ <title>Set up a connection to your local <xref linkend="glo_LDAP"/>
+ server</title>
+
+ <procedure>
+ <step>
+ <para>Open <xref linkend="glo_ApacheDirectoryStudio"/>.</para>
+ </step>
+
+ <step>
+ <para>Activate the <xref linkend="glo_LDAP"/> perspective.</para>
+ </step>
+
+ <step>
+ <para>In the <quote>Connections</quote> window right click
+ <quote>New Connection ...</quote> like in <uri
+ xlink:href="http://directory.apache.org/studio/users-guide/ldap_browser/gettingstarted_create_connection.html">http://directory.apache.org/studio/users-guide/ldap_browser/gettingstarted_create_connection.html</uri>.</para>
+ </step>
+
+ <step>
+ <para>Configure a connection to <parameter
+ xlink:href="http://www.techterms.com/definition/localhost">localhost</parameter>
+ using the above bind parameters.</para>
+ </step>
+ </procedure>
+ </task>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="ldapSimpleInserts">
+ <title>Adding some sample data using <xref
+ linkend="glo_ApacheDirectoryStudio"/></title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="qandaPopulateLdap">
+ <title>Populating the <xref linkend="glo_DIT"/></title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Add two departments <code>billing</code> and
+ <code>research</code>. Then supply corresponding user entries to
+ both departments by using the <link
+ xlink:href="http://directory.apache.org/studio/users-guide/ldap_browser/gettingstarted_browse.html">LDAP
+ browser view</link>. (As being mentioned previously hardcore
+ hackers take <link
+ xlink:href="http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LDAP-HOWTO/utilities.html">this
+ track</link> neglecting time consuming <xref linkend="glo_GUI"/>
+ stuff).</para>
+
+ <para>Hint: If you do have limited understanding of <xref
+ linkend="glo_LDAP"/> classes an schemata you may want to create
+ entries containing the following <parameter
+ xlink:href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/apd/index.html#objectclass">objectClass</parameter>
+ values:</para>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Departments <code>billing</code> and
+ <code>research</code>:</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><code
+ xlink:href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/ape/#organizationalunit">organizationalUnit</code>
+ (structural)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Child user entries below <code>billing</code> and
+ <code>research</code>:</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><code
+ xlink:href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/ape/#organizationalperson">organizationalPerson</code>
+ (structural) and <code
+ xlink:href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/ape/#posixaccount">posixAccount</code>
+ (auxiliary)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+
+ <para>Note that required parent <parameter
+ xlink:href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/apd/index.html#objectclass">objectClass</parameter>
+ definitions like <code>top</code> and <code
+ xlink:href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/ape/#person">person</code>
+ are being omitted here. <xref
+ linkend="glo_ApacheDirectoryStudio"/> will gracefully add
+ missing objectClasses on behalf of you automatically. The
+ subsequent <xref linkend="glo_LDIF"/> dump may serve as a
+ hint:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">...
+ <emphasis role="bold">dn: ou=billing,dc=hdm-stuttgart,dc=de</emphasis>
+ objectClass: top
+ objectClass: organizationalUnit
+ ou: billing
+
+ <emphasis role="bold">dn: ou=research,dc=hdm-stuttgart,dc=de</emphasis>
+ objectClass: top
+ objectClass: organizationalUnit
+ ou: research
+
+ <emphasis role="bold">dn: uid=lapinski,ou=billing,dc=hdm-stuttgart,dc=de</emphasis>
+ objectClass: posixAccount
+ objectClass: top
+ objectClass: person
+ objectClass: organizationalPerson
+ cn: Mee Lapinski
+ gidNumber: 100
+ homeDirectory: /home/lapinski
+ sn: Lapinski
+ uid: lapinski
+ uidNumber: 1023
+ ...</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Question: What is the ratio behind adding the
+ <code>objectClass</code> value <code>posixAccount</code>? Hint:
+ Try to create a corresponding dataset having two persons with
+ identical names within the same department.</para>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <para>Your result may look like:</para>
+
+ <figure xml:id="figureLdapTwoDepartments">
+ <title>Two departments billing and research populated with
+ sample user entries</title>
+
+ <screenshot>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="Ref/Screen/ldapSampleUsers.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </screenshot>
+ </figure>
+
+ <para>Without having the <code>objectClass</code> value
+ <code>posixAccount</code> the attribute <code>uid</code> would
+ be disallowed and could thus not be part of our <xref
+ linkend="glo_DN"/> values. This would leave us with solutions
+ like:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none"><emphasis role="bold">dn: cn=Mee Lapinski,ou=billing,dc=hdm-stuttgart,dc=de</emphasis></programlisting>
+
+ <para>This in turn disallows identical common names (e.g. a
+ second <personname>Mee Lapinski</personname>) within the same
+ department. Thus the auxiliary objectClass posixAccount enables
+ us to introduce additional mandatory <code>uid</code> attribute
+ being the unique identifier within a given parent scope.</para>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="ldifImportExport">
+ <title><xref linkend="glo_LDIF"/> export and import</title>
+
+ <para>This section is intended to get acquainted with <xref
+ linkend="glo_LDIF"/> representation of <xref linkend="glo_LDAP"/> data
+ and requires successful completion of <xref
+ linkend="qandaPopulateLdap"/> as a prerequisite. You may want to read
+ <uri
+ xlink:href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/ch8">http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/ch8</uri>.</para>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="qanda_ldifExportImport">
+ <title>Exporting, modifying and importing <xref linkend="glo_LDAP"/>
+ data using the <xref linkend="glo_LDIF"/> interchange
+ representation.</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Export your current database state being left from <xref
+ linkend="qandaPopulateLdap"/> to an <xref linkend="glo_LDIF"/>
+ text file.</para>
+
+ <para>Subsequently use this database dump file as a starting
+ point to create a <xref linkend="glo_LDIF"/> import file adding
+ a department <quote>pr</quote> (public relations) containing a
+ user <quote>Paul Simon</quote> with suitable attribute values to
+ the dataset.</para>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <para>Adding the new entries in question requires:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">version: 1
+
+ dn: ou=pr,dc=hdm-stuttgart,dc=de
+ objectClass: top
+ objectClass: organizationalUnit
+ ou: pr
+
+ dn: uid=simon,ou=pr,dc=hdm-stuttgart,dc=de
+ objectClass: posixAccount
+ objectClass: top
+ objectClass: person
+ objectClass: organizationalPerson
+ cn: Paul Simon
+ gidNumber: 130
+ homeDirectory: /home/tauras
+ sn: Svetlana
+ uid: tauras
+ uidNumber: 1028</programlisting>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="ditSearch">
+ <title>Searching the <xref linkend="glo_DIT"/></title>
+
+ <para>Like relational and other database types <xref
+ linkend="glo_LDAP"/> provides a <link
+ xlink:href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/apa/search.html">query
+ language</link> to filter result entries.</para>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="qanda_firstLdapQuery">
+ <title>Filtering child elements</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Create <xref linkend="glo_LDAP"/> queries corresponding to
+ the following descriptions:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>All users entries within the whole <xref
+ linkend="glo_DIT"/> having a gidNumber value of 100.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>All user entries belonging to the billing department
+ having a <code>uid</code> value greater than 1023.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>All user entries within the whole <xref
+ linkend="glo_DIT"/> having a common name containing the
+ substring <quote>ei</quote>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>All user entries within the whole <xref
+ linkend="glo_DIT"/> belonging to gidNumber == 100 or having
+ a <code>uid</code> value starting with letter
+ <quote>t</quote>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <para>Hint: <xref linkend="glo_ApacheDirectoryStudio"/> allows
+ both for <link
+ xlink:href="http://directory.apache.org/studio/users-guide/ldap_browser/tools_filter_editor_dialog.html">filtering</link>
+ and <link
+ xlink:href="http://directory.apache.org/studio/users-guide/ldap_browser/gettingstarted_search.html">searching</link>
+ providing nifty features like attribute name completion and
+ syntax highlighting. For regular searches you may define:</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The <xref linkend="glo_DIT"/> entry to start from
+ being identified by its <xref linkend="glo_DN"/>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The search scope being either of object, one level or
+ subtree.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Boolean expressions based on attribute values.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <para>But yes, I forgot to mention <link
+ xlink:href="http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LDAP-HOWTO/utilities.html">something</link>.</para>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">All users entries within the
+ whole </emphasis><xref linkend="glo_DIT"/><emphasis
+ role="bold"> having a gidNumber value of
+ 100.</emphasis></para>
+
+ <para>Solution: <code>(gidNumber=100)</code>, starting from
+ top of <xref linkend="glo_DIT"/> having subtree
+ scope.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">All user entries belonging to
+ the billing department having a <code>uid</code> value
+ greater than 1023.</emphasis></para>
+
+ <para>Solution: <code>(uidNumber>=1024)</code> starting
+ from <xref linkend="glo_DN"/>
+ <code>ou=billing,dc=hdm-stuttgart,dc=de</code> and scope
+ <code>one level</code>.</para>
+
+ <para>Notice the expression
+ <code>(uidNumber>=1024)</code> in favour of the seemingly
+ equivalent but syntactically illegal counterpart
+ <code>(uidNumber>1023)</code>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">All user entries within the
+ whole </emphasis><xref linkend="glo_DIT"/><emphasis
+ role="bold"> having a common name containing the substring
+ <quote>ei</quote>.</emphasis></para>
+
+ <para>Solution: <code>(cn=*ei*)</code>, starting from top of
+ <xref linkend="glo_DIT"/> having subtree scope.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para><emphasis role="bold">All user entries within the
+ whole </emphasis><xref linkend="glo_DIT"/><emphasis
+ role="bold"> belonging to gidNumber == 100 or having a
+ <code>uid</code> value starting with letter
+ <quote>t</quote>.</emphasis></para>
+
+ <para>Solution: <code>(|(gidNumber=100)(uid=t*))</code>,
+ starting from top of <xref linkend="glo_DIT"/> having
+ subtree scope.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="unix2sql2ldap">
+ <title><xref linkend="glo_UNIX"/> to <xref linkend="glo_SQL"/> to <xref
+ linkend="glo_LDAP"/></title>
+
+ <para><xref linkend="glo_UNIX"/> type operating systems manage users,
+ groups and their respective relationships in three different text
+ files:</para>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Users being defined on the system:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
+ daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin
+ bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
+ sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/usr/sbin/nologin
+ sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync
+ ...</programlisting>
+
+ <para>We illustrate the meaning of this <xref linkend="glo_CSV"/>
+ (actually **character** separated) by examining the first
+ row:</para>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Column 1, <code>root</code>:</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>The user's unique system name as being entered at
+ login.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Column 2, x<code>:</code></glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>This field is not being used on current <xref
+ linkend="glo_UNIX"/> implementations. Historically either
+ the user's clear text password or its hash value was present
+ here. For security reasons this attribute has been moved to
+ a third file <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> being read
+ access protected to non-administrator users.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Column 3, <code>0</code>:</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>The user's unique integer numerical
+ <parameter>uid</parameter> number value.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Column 4, <code>0</code>:</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>The user's unique primary group integer numerical
+ <parameter>gid</parameter> number value. The value
+ <quote>0</quote> here refers to a group root of identical
+ name being defined in <filename>/etc/group</filename>, see
+ next section.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Column 5, <code>root</code>:</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>The user's common name. For a regular user account
+ this might be <quote>Jim Beam</quote> for example.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Column 6, <filename>/root</filename>:</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>The user's home directory. Might be /home/beam for a
+ user <quote>Jim Beam</quote>.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Column 7, <command>/bin/bash</command>:</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>The user's login shell (command interpreter. This
+ attribute contains a reference to a command interpreter like
+ <command>/bin/(t)csh</command>, <command>/bin/ksh</command>
+ and so on.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm><filename>/etc/group</filename></glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>This file contains all groups being defined on the
+ system:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">root:x:0:
+ daemon:x:1:
+ bin:x:2:
+ sys:x:3:
+ adm:x:4:syslog,mi <co xml:id="secondaryGroupmembership"/>
+ tty:x:5:
+ ...</programlisting>
+
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Column1,root:</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>The group's name</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Column 2, x:</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Not used</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Column 3, 4:</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>The group's unique <parameter>gid</parameter>
+ number</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Column 4, <code>syslog,mi</code>:</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>The set <code>{syslog,mi}</code> <coref
+ linkend="secondaryGroupmembership"/> defines secondary group
+ memberships: These two users will belong to the group
+ <code>adm</code> in addition to their respective primary
+ group definition.</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="qandUnixToSqlToLdap">
+ <title>Exporting and importing data</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Write two applications being able to perform the following
+ tasks:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Import the previously described UNIX user and group
+ data ton an RDBMS using <xref linkend="glo_JDBC"/>. You will
+ have to define a suitable SQL schema first.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Transfer RDBMS data to your local <xref
+ linkend="glo_LDAP"/> server using <link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/jndi/tutorial/ldap/misc/url.html">JNDI</link>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/UnixSqlLdap/Jndi/Unix2Rdbms</para>
+ </annotation>
+
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/UnixSqlLdap/Jndi/Rdbms2Ldap</para>
+ </annotation>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="transactionsInJdbc">
+ <title>Transactions in <xref linkend="glo_JDBC"/></title>
+
+ <para>You may review some remarks on SQL standard isolation level
+ definitions:</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><xref linkend="glo_Javadoc"/>:</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/sql/Connection.html#TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED">TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED</link></para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para><link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/sql/Connection.html#TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED">TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED</link></para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para><link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/sql/Connection.html#TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ">TRANSACTION_READ_REPEATABLE_READ</link></para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para><link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/sql/Connection.html#TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE">TRANSACTION_READ_SERIALIZABLE</link></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para><link
+ xlink:href="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/issue-archive/2005/05-nov/o65asktom-082389.html">On
+ Transaction Isolation Levels (Oracle)</link></para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para><link
+ xlink:href="http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms378149(v=sql.110).aspx">Understanding
+ Isolation Levels (Microsoft)</link></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <section xml:id="accountTransferPessimistic">
+ <title>Account Transfer using pessimistic concurrency control</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="qandaJdbcIsolation">
+ <title>Accounts and balances</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Consider the following simple schema of accounts keeping
+ customer balances:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none">CREATE TABLE Account (
+ number INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY
+ ,balance INT NOT NULL
+ )</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Write two GUI applications to:</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Transfer amounts from one account to another</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Get the sum of all balances</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="Ref/Screen/accountTransferSum.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <annotation role="make">
+ <para role="eclipse">P/account</para>
+ </annotation>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="accountTransferOptimistic">
+ <title>Account Transfer using optimistic concurrency control</title>
+
+ <figure xml:id="fig_optimisticConcurrencyControl">
+ <title>Optimistic concurrency control</title>
+
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/concurrentOptimistic.svg"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <para>An interfering transaction obeying the protocol causes a
+ transaction failure:</para>
+
+ <figure xml:id="concurrentObtimisticFail">
+ <title>Failure with optimistic transactions</title>
+
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/concurrentOptimisticFail.svg"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </figure>
+
+ <para>Considerations:</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Race conditions, time of check to time of use</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="qandaTransferOptimistic">
+ <title>Optimistic account transfer</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Implement your (pessimistic) account transfer
+ application <xref linkend="qandaJdbcIsolation"/> in an
+ optimistic manner:</para>
+
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Make sure both source and destination accounts get
+ protected against interfering transactions.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Provide a means to definitely avoid deadlocks during
+ the second transaction section of a balance transfer
+ operation.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Supply a suitable message in case of an interfering
+ second balance transfer</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </question>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+ </section>
+ </chapter>
diff --git a/Doc/Sda2/sda2.xml b/Doc/Sda2/sda2.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..13e6b803e057c1f0ea0e56e883272f9f1e35263a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/Sda2/sda2.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<book version="5.0" xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
+ xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+ xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
+ xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
+ xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
+ xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+ xmlns:db="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook">
+ <info>
+ <title>Structured data and applications 2</title>
+
+ <author>
+ <personname><firstname>Martin</firstname>
+ <surname>Goik</surname></personname>
+
+ <affiliation>
+ <orgname>http://medieninformatik.hdm-stuttgart.de</orgname>
+ </affiliation>
+ </author>
+
+ <legalnotice>
+ <para>Source code available at <uri
+ xlink:href="https://version.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/git/GoikLectures">https://version.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/git/GoikLectures</uri></para>
+ </legalnotice>
+ </info>
+
+
+
+
+</book>
diff --git a/lectures.xml b/Doc/lectures.xml
similarity index 60%
rename from lectures.xml
rename to Doc/lectures.xml
index a1a5d5b2dea9149c74129c8a023caee9ab06e754..1483f161837d793d6351e4b0a08bf5fb8cc3e1b2 100644
--- a/lectures.xml
+++ b/Doc/lectures.xml
@@ -24,6 +24,22 @@
</legalnotice>
</info>
+ <part xml:id="sd1">
+ <info>
+ <title>Software development 1</title>
+ </info>
+
+ <xi:include href="Sd1/preliminaries.xml" xpointer="element(/1)"/>
+ <xi:include href="Sd1/class.xml" xpointer="element(/1)"/>
+ <xi:include href="Sd1/loop.xml" xpointer="element(/1)"/>
+ <xi:include href="Sd1/array.xml" xpointer="element(/1)"/>
+ <xi:include href="Sd1/identity.xml" xpointer="element(/1)"/>
+ <xi:include href="Sd1/deployment.xml" xpointer="element(/1)"/>
+ <xi:include href="Sd1/streams.xml" xpointer="element(/1)"/>
+ <xi:include href="Sd1/collections.xml" xpointer="element(/1)"/>
+
+ </part>
+
<part xml:id="sda1">
<info>
<title>Structured Data and Applications 1</title>
@@ -47,8 +63,19 @@
<xi:include href="Sda1/fo.xml" xpointer="element(/1)"/>
- <xi:include href="bibliography.xml" xpointer="element(/1)"/>
+ </part>
+
+ <part xml:id="sda2">
+ <info>
+ <title>Structured Data and Applications 2</title>
+ </info>
- <xi:include href="glossary.xml" xpointer="element(/1)"/>
+ <xi:include href="Sda2/ldap.xml" xpointer="element(/1)"/>
+ <xi:include href="Sda2/jpa.xml" xpointer="element(/1)"/>
+ <xi:include href="Sda2/jax-rs.xml" xpointer="element(/1)"/>
</part>
+
+ <xi:include href="Common/bibliography.xml" xpointer="element(/1)"/>
+ <xi:include href="Common/glossary.xml" xpointer="element(/1)"/>
+
</book>
diff --git a/Sda2/P/JaxRs/Intro/.gitignore b/P/Sda2/JaxRs/Intro/.gitignore
similarity index 100%
rename from Sda2/P/JaxRs/Intro/.gitignore
rename to P/Sda2/JaxRs/Intro/.gitignore
diff --git a/Sda2/P/JaxRs/Intro/README.md b/P/Sda2/JaxRs/Intro/README.md
similarity index 100%
rename from Sda2/P/JaxRs/Intro/README.md
rename to P/Sda2/JaxRs/Intro/README.md
diff --git a/Sda2/P/JaxRs/Intro/pom.xml b/P/Sda2/JaxRs/Intro/pom.xml
similarity index 100%
rename from Sda2/P/JaxRs/Intro/pom.xml
rename to P/Sda2/JaxRs/Intro/pom.xml
diff --git a/Sda2/P/JaxRs/Intro/src/main/java/com/restfully/shop/domain/Customer.java b/P/Sda2/JaxRs/Intro/src/main/java/com/restfully/shop/domain/Customer.java
similarity index 100%
rename from Sda2/P/JaxRs/Intro/src/main/java/com/restfully/shop/domain/Customer.java
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/UnixSqlLdap/Jndi/Unix2Rdbms/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/usermanage/rdbms/UserParam.java b/P/Sda2/UnixSqlLdap/Jndi/Unix2Rdbms/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/usermanage/rdbms/UserParam.java
similarity index 100%
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/UnixSqlLdap/Jndi/Unix2Rdbms/src/main/resources/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/usermanage/jdbc.properties b/P/Sda2/UnixSqlLdap/Jndi/Unix2Rdbms/src/main/resources/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/usermanage/jdbc.properties
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/UnixSqlLdap/Jndi/Unix2Rdbms/src/main/resources/log4j.properties b/P/Sda2/UnixSqlLdap/Jndi/Unix2Rdbms/src/main/resources/log4j.properties
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/UnixSqlLdap/Jndi/Unix2Rdbms/src/test/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/usermanage/UserTest.java b/P/Sda2/UnixSqlLdap/Jndi/Unix2Rdbms/src/test/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/usermanage/UserTest.java
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/account/.gitignore b/P/Sda2/account/.gitignore
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/account/Sql/schema.sql b/P/Sda2/account/Sql/schema.sql
similarity index 100%
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/account/pom.xml b/P/Sda2/account/pom.xml
similarity index 100%
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/account/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/account/Conf.java b/P/Sda2/account/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/account/Conf.java
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/account/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/account/SumDriver.java b/P/Sda2/account/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/account/SumDriver.java
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/account/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/account/TransferDriver.java b/P/Sda2/account/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/account/TransferDriver.java
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/account/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/account/gui/ExceptionDialog.java b/P/Sda2/account/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/account/gui/ExceptionDialog.java
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/account/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/account/gui/NumberField.java b/P/Sda2/account/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/account/gui/NumberField.java
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/account/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/account/sql/DbHandler.java b/P/Sda2/account/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/account/sql/DbHandler.java
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rename to P/Sda2/account/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/account/sql/DbHandler.java
diff --git a/Sda2/P/account/src/main/resources/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/account/jdbc.properties b/P/Sda2/account/src/main/resources/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/account/jdbc.properties
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/.gitignore b/P/Sda2/forum_1/.gitignore
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/_Readme.first b/P/Sda2/forum_1/_Readme.first
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/AppWidgetSet.gwt.xml b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/AppWidgetSet.gwt.xml
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/Main.java b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/Main.java
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/MyLogin.java b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/MyLogin.java
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/NavigatorUI.java b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/NavigatorUI.java
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/Register.java b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/Register.java
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/domain/.gitignore b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/domain/.gitignore
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/domain/Forum.java b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/domain/Forum.java
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/domain/Subscription.java b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/domain/Subscription.java
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/domain/User.java b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/domain/User.java
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/domain/UserForumAssocId.java b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/domain/UserForumAssocId.java
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/tools/Credential.java b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/tools/Credential.java
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/tools/HashProvider.java b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/tools/HashProvider.java
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/tools/MyBeanFieldGroup.java b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/tools/MyBeanFieldGroup.java
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/tools/PersistenceHelper.java b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/tools/PersistenceHelper.java
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/tools/ValidateGlobal.java b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/tools/ValidateGlobal.java
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/tools/ValidateSecondIdenticalInput.java b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/main/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/tools/ValidateSecondIdenticalInput.java
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/main/webapp/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/main/webapp/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/main/webapp/META-INF/context.xml b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/main/webapp/META-INF/context.xml
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/main/webapp/VAADIN/.gitignore b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/main/webapp/VAADIN/.gitignore
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/main/webapp/VAADIN/themes/mytheme/addons.scss b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/main/webapp/VAADIN/themes/mytheme/addons.scss
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/main/webapp/VAADIN/themes/mytheme/favicon.ico b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/main/webapp/VAADIN/themes/mytheme/favicon.ico
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/main/webapp/VAADIN/themes/mytheme/mytheme.scss b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/main/webapp/VAADIN/themes/mytheme/mytheme.scss
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/main/webapp/VAADIN/themes/mytheme/styles.css b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/main/webapp/VAADIN/themes/mytheme/styles.css
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/main/webapp/VAADIN/themes/mytheme/styles.scss b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/main/webapp/VAADIN/themes/mytheme/styles.scss
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diff --git a/Sda2/P/forum_1/src/test/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/TestDomain.java b/P/Sda2/forum_1/src/test/java/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sda2/forum/TestDomain.java
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diff --git a/Sd1/lib/Greenfoot-core-2.5.jar b/Sd1/lib/Greenfoot-core-2.5.jar
deleted file mode 100644
index ea7d806702a6c0cb53cd8ce87e682df89da0a4b2..0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
Binary files a/Sd1/lib/Greenfoot-core-2.5.jar and /dev/null differ
diff --git a/Sd1/swd1.xml b/Sd1/swd1.xml
index 983f47d484f467d16d635c3a74ea083e29f5fdc2..587e988baf73dadd49b1b10368b6feeda5205625 100644
--- a/Sd1/swd1.xml
+++ b/Sd1/swd1.xml
@@ -8,231 +8,6 @@
xmlns:db="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook">
<title>Software development 1</title>
- <chapter xml:id="sw1Lect1">
- <title>Lecture 1 (6.10.)</title>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1CommonRessources">
- <title>Common software development related resources</title>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><xref linkend="glo_HdM"/> mail server</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Either</para>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>read your mails regularly</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>activate mail forwarding to your <quote>real</quote>
- account at <link
- xlink:href="https://mail.hdm-stuttgart.de/webmail">https://mail.hdm-stuttgart.de/webmail</link>
- (<quote>Filter</quote> tab).</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><acronym>MI <xref linkend="glo_VPN"/></acronym>
- Installation</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>OpenVPN <acronym>wiki</acronym> <link
- xlink:href="https://wiki.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/wiki/VPN">installation
- page</link> (Login required). Look for HdM_MI_stud.ovpn allowing
- to use a maximum of MI specific services.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>MI Cloud</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>25 GB free space. Base address <link
- xlink:href="https://cloud.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/owncloud">https://cloud.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/owncloud</link>.
- Client software for Linux, Android,
- <productname>IOS</productname>, Windows, MacOS available at <link
- xlink:href="http://owncloud.org/sync-clients">http://owncloud.org/sync-clients</link>.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>MI <xref linkend="glo_Git"/> / <xref linkend="glo_Svn"/>
- repository</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para><link
- xlink:href="https://version.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de">https://version.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de</link></para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>MI file server</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para><filename>Prototype user xy05 may acces his home directory
- via \\srv2.srv.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de\xy05</filename> or
- \\192.168.111.9\xy05 respectively.</para>
-
- <caution>
- <para>External access requires <acronym>VPN</acronym></para>
- </caution>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sw1Resources">
- <title>Lecture related resources</title>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Books / Literature</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Primary</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para><xref linkend="bib_Koelling2010"/> or <xref
- linkend="bib_Koelling2010Ger"/>.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para><xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/></para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Secondary</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para><xref linkend="bib_Jobst2014"/>.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Older free online copy <xref
- linkend="bib_Ullenboom2011"/> or current book <xref
- linkend="bib_Ullenboom2014"/> including <xref
- linkend="glo_Java"/> 8.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>UNIX shell introduction</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para><link
- xlink:href="http://software-carpentry.org/v4/shell">The
- Unix Shell</link> / Software-carpentry, nice video
- collection. Each section is also available in PDF and
- <trademark>PowerPoint</trademark> format.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para><link
- xlink:href="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Teaching/Unix">UNIX
- Tutorial for Beginners</link>, text oriented.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para><link
- xlink:href="http://vic.gedris.org/Manual-ShellIntro/1.2/ShellIntro.pdf">An
- Introduction to ...</link>, small reference of important
- command names, filename conventions etc.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Live lecture additions</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para><link
- xlink:href="https://cloud.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/owncloud/public.php?service=files&t=df9f296af3298f96361a15a679390e59">MI
- cloud folder</link></para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><xref linkend="glo_Eclipse"/> <xref
- linkend="glo_IDE"/></glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para><link
- xlink:href="http://wiki.eclipse.org/Eclipse/Installation">Installation</link>,
- choose <quote>Eclipse IDE for Java Developers</quote> from
- <link
- xlink:href="http://eclipse.org/downloads">http://eclipse.org/downloads</link>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Maven artifact
- <quote>mi-maven-archetype-quickstart</quote></glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Configure <filename
- xlink:href="http://maven.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/Archetypes/catalog.xml">catalog.xml</filename>
- in your <xref linkend="glo_Eclipse"/> <xref
- linkend="glo_IDE"/> at
- <guimenu>Window-->Preferences-->Maven-->Archetypes-->Add
- Remote Catalog</guimenu>. Click <guibutton>verify</guibutton>
- to assure correct configuration.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><productname>Virtualbox</productname>
- <productname>Lubuntu</productname> VM</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para><link
- xlink:href="ftp://mirror.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/ubuntu/VirtualBox">ftp://mirror.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/ubuntu/VirtualBox</link>.</para>
-
- <caution>
- <para>External access requires <acronym>VPN</acronym></para>
- </caution>
-
- <para>If you experience bad <productname>Virtualbox</productname>
- performance on your system please consider <link
- xlink:href="http://blog.jdpfu.com/2012/09/14/solution-for-slow-ubuntu-in-virtualbox">solution-for-slow-ubuntu-in-virtualbox</link>
- and the <link
- xlink:href="http://blog.jdpfu.com/ALE/ALE-NW/Ubuntu-12.04-x32-install.pdf">referenced
- collection of screenshots</link>.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
- </section>
- </chapter>
-
<chapter xml:id="sd1IntroGreenfoot">
<title>Lecture 2 - Introduction to <link
xlink:href="http://www.greenfoot.org">Greenfoot (8.10.)</link></title>
@@ -1252,7866 +1027,521 @@
</section>
</chapter>
- <chapter xml:id="sd1ClassesInstancesState">
- <title>Lecture 5 - Classes, instances and internal state (20.10)</title>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1CrabsEnhancePrepare">
- <title>Preparations</title>
+ <chapter xml:id="sd1Variables">
+ <title>Lecture 6 - Variables (27.10.)</title>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Read Chapter 5 from <xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/> excluding
- the sections <quote>Recursion</quote> and <quote>Nested
- classes</quote>. Carefully read the explanations regarding:</para>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Read Chapter 2 from <xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/> till
+ <quote>Mathematical Functions and constants</quote>.</para>
+ </listitem>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>static vs. non-static methods and fields.</para>
- </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Read chapter 3 of <xref linkend="bib_Koelling2010Ger"/>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>the <code>final</code> keyword's meaning.</para>
- </listitem>
+ <section xml:id="sd1ExerciseGreenCh3">
+ <title><productname>Greenfoot</productname></title>
- <listitem>
- <para>The way a garbage collector works.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
+ <para>Finish all exercises being presented in chapter 3 of <xref
+ linkend="bib_Koelling2010Ger"/>.</para>
</section>
+ </chapter>
- <section xml:id="sd1GeometryClasses">
- <title>Dealing with geometry classes</title>
+ <chapter xml:id="sd1L7">
+ <title>Lecture 7 (29.10.)</title>
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1ImplementRectangle">
- <title>Rectangles</title>
+ <section xml:id="sd1CrabsFinish">
+ <title>Preparations</title>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Complete the the following class
- <classname>Rectangle</classname>'s dummy implementation:</para>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Read the remaining chapter 2 from <xref
+ linkend="bib_Horton2011"/> excluding the <quote>Bitwise
+ Operations</quote> section.</para>
+ </listitem>
- <programlisting language="java">/**
- * Representing rectangular shapes.
- *
- */
-public class Rectangle {
-
- /**
- *
- * @param width The rectangle's width
- * @param heigth The rectangle's height
- */
- public Rectangle (double width, double heigth) {
- //TODO
- }
- /**
- * @return The rectangle's area.
- */
- public double getArea() {
- return 0; // TODO
- }
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Read chapter 4 of <xref
+ linkend="bib_Koelling2010Ger"/>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </section>
- /**
- * @return The rectangle's perimeter.
- */
- public double getPerimeter() {
- return 0; // TODO
- }
-
- /**
- * @return The rectangle's width.
- */
- public double getWidth() {
- return 0; // TODO
- }
- /**
- * @param width The rectangle's new width
- */
- public void setWidth(double width) {
- // TODO
- }
+ <section xml:id="sd1FirstLoops">
+ <title>Exercises</title>
- /**
- * @return The rectangle's height.
- */
- public double getHeight() {
- return 0; // TODO
- }
-
- /**
- * @param width The rectangle's new height
- */
- public void setHeight(double height) {
- // TODO
- }
-}</programlisting>
- </question>
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1WormEatWorm">
+ <title>Eating multiple worms</title>
- <answer>
- <para>First we define two instance (= non-static) variables
- representing a <classname>Rectangle</classname>'s two parameters
- <code>width</code> and <code>height</code>:</para>
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>We want to count the number of worms a crab has eaten so
+ long. This may later be used to finish the game (like you won!)
+ when a certain number has been exceeded.</para>
- <programlisting language="java">public class Rectangle {
-
- // Instance variables representing a rectangle's parameters
- private double width, height;
-...
-}</programlisting>
+ <para>For this purpose define a class variable
+ <code>noOfWormsEaten</code> in your class Crab and add an
+ increment rule to your <methodname>lookForWorm()</methodname>
+ method accordingly. Place two worms at exactly the same
+ position. Then activate <quote>inspect</quote> for a crab and
+ let the beast approach the two worms' position by clicking the
+ <quote>Act</quote> button in succession. When the crab eats the
+ two worms your variable <code>noOfWormsEaten</code> should have
+ a value of 2.</para>
- <para>Next we might allow to change these two parameters:</para>
+ <para>Does the increment happen in one or two steps with respect
+ to clicking on <quote>Act</quote> ? Explain your result,</para>
+ </question>
- <programlisting language="java">public class Rectangle {
+ <answer>
+ <para>A simple implementation to count worms being eaten
+ reads:</para>
- // Instance variables representing a rectangle's parameters
- private double width, height;
+ <programlisting language="java">public class Crab extends Animal {
-...
- public void setWidth(double w) {
- <emphasis role="bold">width = w;</emphasis>
- }
+ <emphasis role="bold">int noOfWormsEaten = 0; // initially no worm has been eaten</emphasis>
+ // other methods ...
- /**
- * @return The rectangle's height.
- */
- public void setHeight(double height) {
- <emphasis role="bold">this.height = height;</emphasis>
- }
-...
+ public void lookForWorm() {
+ if (canSee(Worm.class)) {
+ eat(Worm.class);
+ <emphasis role="bold">noOfWormsEaten++;</emphasis>
+ }
+ }
}</programlisting>
- <para>Notice the subtle difference in the implementation of
- setWidth(...) and setHeight(...):</para>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><methodname>setWidth(double
- w)</methodname></glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>We use the formal parameter name <quote>w</quote>. Its
- name does not conflict with the instance variable name
- <quote>width</quote> being defined at class level. We can
- simply assign this value to our corresponding instance
- variable using <code>width = w;</code>.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><methodname>setHeight(double
- height)</methodname></glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>The method's formal parameter <quote>height</quote>
- shadows the instance variable's name being defined at class
- level. We need the <quote>this</quote> keyword in
- <code>this.height = height;</code> to resolve the
- ambiguity.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
-
- <para>Both ways are perfectly legal. We continue our
- implementation:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">/**
- * Representing rectangular shapes.
- *
- */
-public class Rectangle {
-
- // Instance variables representing a rectangle's parameters
- private double width, height;
-
- /**
- *
- * @param width The rectangle's width
- * @param heigth The rectangle's height
- */
- public Rectangle (double width, double height) {
- setWidth(width);
- setHeight(height);
- }
- /**
- * @return The rectangle's area.
- */
- public double getArea() {
- return width * height;
- }
-
- /**
- * @return The rectangle's perimeter.
- */
- public double getPerimeter() {
- return 2 * (width + height);
- }
-
- /**
- * @return The rectangle's width.
- */
- public double getWidth() {
- return width;
- }
- /**
- * @param width The rectangle's new width
- */
- public void setWidth(double w) {
- width = w;
- }
-
- /**
- * @return The rectangle's height.
- */
- public double getHeight() {
- return height;
- }
-
- /**
- * @param width The rectangle's new height
- */
- public void setHeight(double height) {
- this.height = height;
- }
-}</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
+ <para>When approaching two worms at an identical position the
+ instance variable <code>noOfWormsEaten</code> is being
+ incremented in two steps.</para>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
</qandaset>
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="qandasetGeometry">
- <title>Circles</title>
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaGreedyCrab">
+ <title>The greedy crab</title>
<qandadiv>
<qandaentry>
<question>
- <para>Complete the the following class
- <classname>Circle</classname>'s dummy implementation:</para>
+ <para>Modify the behaviour of <xref linkend="sd1WormEatWorm"/>.
+ Whenever a crab can see worms all of them should be eaten at
+ once i.e on a single execution of your
+ <methodname>act()</methodname> method.</para>
+ </question>
- <programlisting language="java">package step1.dummy;
+ <answer>
+ <para>Whenever <methodname>canSee()</methodname> returns true
+ only one worm will be eaten. Then
+ <methodname>canSee()</methodname> has to be called again till no
+ worm is being left. With respect to the solution of <xref
+ linkend="sd1WormEatWorm"/> we need to replace the
+ <code>if</code> clause by a <code>while</code> loop:</para>
-/**
- * A circle of given radius
- *
- */
-public class Circle {
+ <programlisting language="java"> public void lookForWorm() {
+ <emphasis role="bold">while</emphasis> (canSee(Worm.class)) {
+ eat(Worm.class);
+ noOfWormsEaten++;
+ }</programlisting>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
- /**
- * A new circle
- *
- * @param radius
- * The desired radius.
- */
- public Circle(double radius) {
- // TODO
- }
-
- /**
- * @return The circle's area.
- */
- public double getArea() {
- return 0; // TODO
- }
-
- /**
- * @return The circle's perimeter.
- */
- public double getPerimeter() {
- return 0; // TODO
- }
-
- /**
- * @return The circle's radius.
- */
- public double getRadius() {
- return 0; // TODO
- }
-
- /**
- * @param radius
- * Setting the circle's radius to a new value.
- */
- public void setRadius(double radius) {
- // TODO
- }
-}</programlisting>
-
- <para>Instances of this class shall be usable in the following
- fashion:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class Driver {
-
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- Circle c = new Circle(2.3);
- System.out.println("Radius:" + c.getRadius());
- System.out.println("Perimeter:" + c.getPerimeter());
- System.out.println("Area:" + c.getArea());
-
- // Changing the circle's radius to a different value
- c.setRadius(4.7);
- System.out.println("Radius:" + c.getRadius());
- System.out.println("Perimeter:" + c.getPerimeter());
- System.out.println("Area:" + c.getArea());
- }
-}</programlisting>
-
- <para>Hint: Obviously you'll have to define an instance variable
- within Circle to keep track of its current radius value. All
- methods mentioned above simply depend on this single
- value.</para>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <para>We define an instance variable radius inside our class
- <classname>Circle</classname>:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">
-public class Circle {
-
- double radius;
-...
-}</programlisting>
-
- <para>Next we implement our method to change a circle's
- radius:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public void setRadius(double r) {
- radius = r;
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>Note that we have chosen a different value for the
- method's formal radius parameter to be <quote>r</quote> rather
- than <quote>radius</quote>. Many people prefer to use radius
- here making it easier for a programmer to recognize the expected
- name in the generated javadoc:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public void setRadius(double radius) {
- <emphasis role="bold">this.</emphasis>radius = radius;
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>This requires the usage of the <code>this</code> keyword
- to distinguish the formal parameter in
- <methodname>setRadius(double radius)</methodname> from the
- instance variable previously being defined within our class
- <classname>Circle</classname>. In other words: We have to
- resolve a name shadowing conflict.</para>
-
- <para>The rest of the implementation is (quite) straightforward.
- A complete class reads:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">package step1;
-
-/**
- * A circle of given radius
- *
- */
-public class Circle {
-
- double radius;
-
- /**
- * A new circle
- * @param radius The desired radius.
- */
- public Circle(double radius) {
- setRadius(radius);
- }
-
- /**
- * @return The circle's area.
- */
- public double getArea() {
- return radius * radius * Math.PI;
- }
-
- /**
- * @return The circle's perimeter.
- */
- public double getPerimeter() {
- return 2 * Math.PI * radius;
- }
-
- /**
- * @return The circle's radius.
- */
- public double getRadius() {
- return radius;
- }
-
- /**
- * @param radius Setting the circle's radius to a new value.
- */
- public void setRadius(double radius) {
- this.radius = radius;
- }
-}</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
-
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Our current Circle and Rectangle instances are only shapes
- yet and do not allow to be moved in a coordinate system:</para>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Add two more instance variables x and y and
- corresponding setter methods to account for a shapes origin
- being different from (0,0). The following hint may be
- helpful:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> /**
- * @param x The circle's x center coordinate value
- */
- public void setX(double x) {
- // TODO
- }
- /**
- * @param x The circle's x center coordinate value
- */
- public void setY(double y) {
- // TODO
- }</programlisting>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>We would like Rectangle and Circle instances to be
- visualized as <acronym>SVG</acronym> graphics. Add a method
- <methodname>void writeSvg()</methodname> to both classes
- which allows for <acronym>SVG</acronym> code export to
- standard output. You may want to read the w3schools <link
- xlink:href="http://www.w3schools.com/svg/svg_rect.asp">rectangle</link>
- and <link
- xlink:href="http://www.w3schools.com/svg/svg_circle.asp">circle</link>
- examples. Use System.out.println(...) calls to create the
- desired <acronym>SVG</acronym> output. You may need
- <code>\"</code> to represent double quotes as in the
- subsequent example:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">System.out.println("<rect width=\"20\"" ...</programlisting>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
-
- <para>The following code snippet may serve to illustrate the
- intended use of <methodname>void writeSvg()</methodname>:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class Driver {
-
- public static void main(String[] args) {
-
- System.out.println("<!DOCTYPE html><html><body>");
- System.out.println(" <svg width='300' height='200' >");
-
- // Draw a rectangle as SVG
- final Rectangle r = new Rectangle(5, 4);
- r.setX(2);
- r.setY(1);
- r.writeSvg();
-
- // Draw a circle as SVG
- final Circle c = new Circle(1, 1, 3);
- c.setX(3);
- c.setY(1);
- c.writeSvg();
- System.out.println(" </svg >");
- System.out.println("</body></html>");
- }
-}</programlisting>
-
- <para>Implement the method <methodname>void
- writeSvg()</methodname> in both classes
- <classname>Rectangle</classname> and
- <classname>Circle</classname>. This should produce an output
- result like:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"><!DOCTYPE html>
-<html>
- <body>
- <svg width='300' height='200' >
- <emphasis role="bold"><rect width='100.0' height='80.0' x='40.0' y='20.0'' style='fill:rgb(0,255,0);stroke-width:3;stroke:rgb(0,0,0)'/></emphasis>
- <emphasis role="bold"><circle r='60.0' cx='60.0' cy='20.0' style='fill:rgb(0,0,255);stroke-width:3;stroke:rgb(0,0,0)'/></emphasis>
- </svg >
- </body>
-</html></programlisting>
-
- <para>You may enter this output into a file sfg.html. A web
- browser should visualize this output as:</para>
-
- <informalfigure>
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/svgGeometry.png"/>
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </informalfigure>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <programlisting language="java"> private double x, y, width, height;
- ...
- /**
- * @param x The rectangle's x center coordinate value
- */
- public void setX(double x) {
- this.x = x;
- }
- /**
- * @param x The rectangle's x center coordinate value
- */
- public void setY(double y) {
- this.y = y;
- }
-
-public void writeSvg() {
- final int scale = 20;
- System.out.println(
- "<rect width='" + scale * width +"' height='" + scale * height +
- "' x='" + scale * x + "'" + " y='" + scale * y + "'" +
- "' style='fill:rgb(0,255,0);stroke-width:3;stroke:rgb(0,0,0)'/>");
- }
-}</programlisting>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class Circle {
-
- double x, y, radius;
-...
-
- /**
- * @param x The circle's x center coordinate value
- */
- public void setX(double x) {
- this.x = x;
- }
- /**
- * @param x The circle's x center coordinate value
- */
- public void setY(double y) {
- this.y = y;
- }
-
-public void writeSvg() {
- final int scale = 20;
-
- System.out.println(
- "<circle r='" + scale * radius +
- "' cx='" + scale * x + "'" + " cy='" + scale * y +
- "' style='fill:rgb(0,0,255);stroke-width:3;stroke:rgb(0,0,0)'/>");
-
- }
-}</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter xml:id="sd1CrabsEnhance2">
- <title>Lecture 5 - A simple interest calculator (22.10.)</title>
-
- <!--
- <para>See compressed eclipse project account.zip in <link
- xlink:href="https://cloud.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/owncloud/public.php?service=files&t=df9f296af3298f96361a15a679390e59">subfolder
- 06</link>. This example illustrates the following concepts:</para>
--->
-
- <para>Consider the following implementation of an interest
- calculator:</para>
-
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/interest/V1</para>
- </annotation>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Instance versus class variables and methods</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Examples:</para>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Instance variables and methods, non-static
- declaration</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para><code>private double balance</code>, <code>public void
- setBalance(double balance)</code></para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Class variables and methods, static
- declaration</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para><code>private static double </code>interestRate,
- <code>public static void setInterestRate(double
- z)</code></para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
-
- <para>For both categories see <xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/>,
- chapter 5, <quote>Fields in a Class Definition</quote> and
- <quote>Methods in a Class Definition</quote>.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Formal parameter names and variable scopes</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <programlisting language="java"> /**
- * Setting the interest rate common to all accounts.
- *
- * @param z
- * the desired (global) interest rate.
- */
- public static void setInterestRate(double z) { // Scope of variable "z" limited is just the next block {...},
- interestRate = z; // in contrast interestRate has class scope.
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>The formal variable's name <quote><code>z</code></quote> may
- be <emphasis>consistently</emphasis> renamed to any other legal,
- non-conflicting value like
- <quote><code>myFunnyVariableName</code></quote>:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public static void setInterestRate(double myFunnyVariableName) {
- interestRate = myFunnyVariableName;
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>Name shadowing conflicts can be resolved by using the keyword
- <emphasis><code>this</code></emphasis> <coref
- linkend="sd1ListingThis"/>:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class Konto {
-...
- private double balance; <emphasis role="bold">// variable "stand" being shadowed inside body of setStand(...)</emphasis>
-...
- public void setStand(double stand) {
- if (balance <= 10000) {
- <emphasis role="bold">this</emphasis>.balance <co
- xml:id="sd1ListingThis"/> = balance; // "this" required to resolve name shadowing conflict
- // by formal parameter name "double balance".
- } else {
- System.out.println("Balance" + balance + " exceeds " + 10000);
- }
- }
-...
-}</programlisting>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Access restrictions public / private / protected to
- attributes and methods</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <programlisting language="java">public class Account {
-
- <emphasis role="bold">private</emphasis> static double // Visible for class methods only
- interestRate = 1.5;
-...
- <emphasis role="bold">public</emphasis> void applyInterest() { // Externally visible
- balance = balance * (1 + interestRate / 100);
- }
-...</programlisting>
-
- <para>See <xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/>, chapter 5,
- <quote>CONTROLLING ACCESS TO CLASS MEMBERS</quote>.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Method overloading</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Example:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class Account {
-
- public Account() { // Default Constructor without any parameter
- setBalance(0);
- }
-...
- public Account(double balance) { // <emphasis role="bold">Overloaded</emphasis> non-default constructor creating an account
- setBalance(balance); // with (possibly) non-zero balance.
- }
-...
- public void applyInterest() { // Just one year
- balance = balance *
- (1 + interestRate / 100);
- }
-...
- public void applyInterest(int years) { // <emphasis role="bold">Overloaded</emphasis> method allowing for different time periods.
- balance = balance *
- Math.pow((1 + interestRate / 100), years);
- }
-...
-}</programlisting>
-
- <para>See <xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/>, chapter 5, <quote>METHOD
- OVERLOADING</quote>.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Use of standard mathematical functions</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <programlisting language="java">Math.pow((1 + interestRate / 100), years)</programlisting>
-
- <para>See <xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/>, chapter 2,
- <quote>MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS AND CONSTANTS</quote>.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter xml:id="sd1Variables">
- <title>Lecture 6 - Variables (27.10.)</title>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Read Chapter 2 from <xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/> till
- <quote>Mathematical Functions and constants</quote>.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Read chapter 3 of <xref linkend="bib_Koelling2010Ger"/>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1VariableExercises">
- <title>Exercises</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaExtendInterest">
- <title>Extending interest calculations.</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Our current <code>Account</code> class does not handle
- negative balances accordingly. Typically banks will charge a
- different interest rate whenever an account is in debt i.e.
- having a negative balance. In this case a second so called
- default interest rate (being significantly higher) will be
- applied.</para>
-
- <para>Extend the current project by adding a new instance
- variable <varname>defaultInterestRate</varname> along with
- getter and setter methods. Then change the implementation of
- <code>applyInterest()</code> and <code>applyInterest(int
- years)</code> by using the correct interest value according to
- the account's balance being positive or negative.</para>
-
- <caution>
- <para>Do not forget to change the <command>Javadoc</command>
- comments accordingly!</para>
- </caution>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/interest/V2</para>
- </annotation>
-
- <para>We introduce a new variable
- <code>defaultInterestRate</code> to cover negative balance
- values:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> private static double
- interestRate = 1.5, // applied to positive balances
- <emphasis role="bold">defaultInterestRate = 15.; // applied to negative balances</emphasis></programlisting>
-
- <para>We need the appropriate getter and setter methods in
- <classname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/interest/V2/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/interest/Account.html">Account</classname>:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> /**
- * @return
- * the current default interest rate value.
- */
- public static double <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/interest/V2/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/interest/Account.html#getDefaultInterestRate--">getDefaultInterestRate()</link> {
- return defaultInterestRate;
- }
-
- /**
- * This interest rate will be applied to negative balances. In contrast
- * {{@link #setInterestRate(double)} will handle positive balance values.
- *
- * @param defaultInterestRate
- * the desired default interest rate value.
- */
- public static void <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/interest/V2/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/interest/Account.html#setDefaultInterestRate-double-">setDefaultInterestRate(double defaultInterestRate)</link> {
- Account.defaultInterestRate = defaultInterestRate;
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>The computed interest depends on positive or negative
- balance values:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public void applyInterest(int years) {
- if (0 < balance) {
- balance = balance * Math.pow((1 + interestRate / 100), years) ;
- } else if (balance < 0){
- balance = balance * Math.pow((1 + defaultInterestRate / 100), years) ;
- }
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>A complete solution including updated
- <productname>Javadoc</productname> comments can be downloaded
- <link
- xlink:href="https://cloud.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/owncloud/public.php?service=files&t=577bc9091391524692b6d812a6d2737a">from
- here</link>.</para>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1VariableComplexExpression">
- <title>Programmers favourite expression</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Consider the following code fragment:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> int a = 6,
- b = 7,
- c = -3,
- result = 0;
-
- result += ++a - b++ + --c;</programlisting>
-
- <para>Rewrite this code by decomposing the last line into
- several lines to make the code easier to understand.</para>
-
- <para>Hint: After execution of your modified code all variable
- must have identical values with respect to the original code. In
- other words: Your modifications shall not alter the code's
- behaviour in any way.</para>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <para>Incrementing <code>++a</code> and decrementing
- <code>--c</code> happens prior to adding / subtracting their
- values to the variable <code>result</code> (prefix notation).
- The increment operation <code>b--</code> in contrast happens
- after being being subtracted from variable <code>result</code>
- (postfix notation). The following code snippet is thus
- equivalent:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> int a = 6,
- b = 7,
- c = -3,
- result = 0;
- ++a;
- --c;
- result += a - b + c; // or even: result = result + a - b + c;
- b++;</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaIntOverflow">
- <title>Integer value considerations.</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Consider the following piece of code:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">int a = ..., b = ...;
-...// statements being omitted
-int sum = a + b;</programlisting>
-
- <para>Which representation related problem may arise here? May
- you supply a solution?</para>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <para>The sum of a and b may either exceed
- <code>java.lang.Integer.MAX_VALUE</code> or in turn may be less
- than <code>java.lang.Integer.MIN_VALUE</code>. To avoid this
- type of overflow error our variable <code>sum</code> may be
- declared of type long:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">int a = ..., b = ...;
-...// statements being omitted
-long sum = a + b;</programlisting>
-
- <para>Unfortunately this does not (yet) help at all: Since both
- operands <code>a</code> and <code>b</code> are of type
- <code>int</code> the expression <code>a + b</code> is also of
- type int and will be evaluated as such. To circumvent this
- problem we have to cast at least one operand to type
- <code>long</code> prior to computing the sum. This works since
- the cast operator <code>(long)</code> does have higher priority
- than the <quote>+</quote> operator</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">int a = ..., b = ...;
-...// statements being omitted
-long sum = (long)a + b;</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sde1QandaFraction">
- <title>A class representing fractions</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Implement a class representing fractions. You may find a
- dummy implementation containing some (not yet working) sample
- usage code being contained in a <code>main()</code> method. This
- Maven archive also includes a <xref linkend="glo_Junit"/>
- test.</para>
-
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/fraction/V05</para>
- </annotation>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/fraction/V1</para>
- </annotation>
-
- <para>See implementation at <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/fraction/V1/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/fraction/Fraction.html">Fraction</link>.</para>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1ExerciseGreenCh3">
- <title><productname>Greenfoot</productname></title>
-
- <para>Finish all exercises being presented in chapter 3 of <xref
- linkend="bib_Koelling2010Ger"/>.</para>
- </section>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter xml:id="sd1L7">
- <title>Lecture 7 (29.10.)</title>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1CrabsFinish">
- <title>Preparations</title>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Read the remaining chapter 2 from <xref
- linkend="bib_Horton2011"/> excluding the <quote>Bitwise
- Operations</quote> section.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Read chapter 4 of <xref
- linkend="bib_Koelling2010Ger"/>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1FirstLoops">
- <title>Exercises</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1WormEatWorm">
- <title>Eating multiple worms</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>We want to count the number of worms a crab has eaten so
- long. This may later be used to finish the game (like you won!)
- when a certain number has been exceeded.</para>
-
- <para>For this purpose define a class variable
- <code>noOfWormsEaten</code> in your class Crab and add an
- increment rule to your <methodname>lookForWorm()</methodname>
- method accordingly. Place two worms at exactly the same
- position. Then activate <quote>inspect</quote> for a crab and
- let the beast approach the two worms' position by clicking the
- <quote>Act</quote> button in succession. When the crab eats the
- two worms your variable <code>noOfWormsEaten</code> should have
- a value of 2.</para>
-
- <para>Does the increment happen in one or two steps with respect
- to clicking on <quote>Act</quote> ? Explain your result,</para>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <para>A simple implementation to count worms being eaten
- reads:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class Crab extends Animal {
-
- <emphasis role="bold">int noOfWormsEaten = 0; // initially no worm has been eaten</emphasis>
- // other methods ...
-
- public void lookForWorm() {
- if (canSee(Worm.class)) {
- eat(Worm.class);
- <emphasis role="bold">noOfWormsEaten++;</emphasis>
- }
- }
-}</programlisting>
-
- <para>When approaching two worms at an identical position the
- instance variable <code>noOfWormsEaten</code> is being
- incremented in two steps.</para>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaGreedyCrab">
- <title>The greedy crab</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Modify the behaviour of <xref linkend="sd1WormEatWorm"/>.
- Whenever a crab can see worms all of them should be eaten at
- once i.e on a single execution of your
- <methodname>act()</methodname> method.</para>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <para>Whenever <methodname>canSee()</methodname> returns true
- only one worm will be eaten. Then
- <methodname>canSee()</methodname> has to be called again till no
- worm is being left. With respect to the solution of <xref
- linkend="sd1WormEatWorm"/> we need to replace the
- <code>if</code> clause by a <code>while</code> loop:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public void lookForWorm() {
- <emphasis role="bold">while</emphasis> (canSee(Worm.class)) {
- eat(Worm.class);
- noOfWormsEaten++;
- }</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1TidyCrabImages">
- <title>Tidy up image handling</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>The source ode of our little crab version 5 scenario
- (<filename>book-scenarios/chapter02-04/little-crab-5)</filename>
- contains:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class Crab extends Animal {
-
- private GreenfootImage <emphasis role="bold">image1</emphasis>;
- private GreenfootImage <emphasis role="bold">image2</emphasis>;
- ...
- public Crab() {
- <emphasis role="bold">image1</emphasis> = new GreenfootImage("crab.png");
- <emphasis role="bold">image2</emphasis> = new GreenfootImage("crab2.png");
- setImage(image1);
- wormsEaten = 0;
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>Imagine we'd like to extend the crab game doing a
- simulation requiring thousands of crabs. Why is the above code
- badly written with respect to performance? Do you have an idea
- how to correct this issue?</para>
-
- <para>Hint: Think whether each crab really needs two <emphasis
- role="bold">individual</emphasis> images.</para>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <para>If we had 1000 crabs the code in question would allocate
- 2000 images in memory. But actually only two of these 2000
- images are mutually different from each other. So allocating the
- remaining 1998 is a wast of memory.</para>
-
- <para>It is sufficient to create only these two images since
- each crab will just toggle between them. This should happen on
- class level rater than on instance level:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class Crab extends Animal {
-
- private final static GreenfootImage image1 = new GreenfootImage("crab.png");
- private GreenfootImage image2 = new GreenfootImage("crab2.png");
- public Crab() {
- setImage(image1);
- wormsEaten = 0;
- } ...</programlisting>
-
- <para>The remaining code may remain unchanged</para>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaInitCrabWorld">
- <title>Initializing our crab's world.</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>We take a closer look at the little crab version 5
- scenario in
- <filename>book-scenarios/chapter02-04/little-crab-5</filename>.
- The subsequently copied code is meant to initialize our crab's
- world. Albeit being technically achieving its purpose this code
- lacks flexibility and suffers from various flaws to be corrected
- by <emphasis role="bold">YOU</emphasis>:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class CrabWorld extends World {
- /**
- * Create the crab world (the beach). Our world has a size
- * of 560x560 cells, where every cell is just 1 pixel.
- */
- public CrabWorld() {
- super(560, 560, 1); <co linkends="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-1"
- xml:id="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-1-co"/>
- populateWorld();
- }
-
- /**
- * Create the objects for the start of the game.
- */
- public void populateWorld() {
- addObject(new Crab(), 300, 300); <co
- linkends="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-2"
- xml:id="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-2-co"/> <co
- linkends="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-3"
- xml:id="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-3-co"/>
-
- addObject(new Lobster(), 90, 70); <co
- linkends="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-4"
- xml:id="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-4-co"/> <coref
- linkend="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-2-co"/> <coref
- linkend="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-3-co"/>
- addObject(new Lobster(), 390, 200);
- addObject(new Lobster(), 360, 500);
-
- addObject(new Worm(), 20, 500); <coref
- linkend="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-4-co"/> <coref
- linkend="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-2-co"/> <coref
- linkend="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-3-co"/>
- addObject(new Worm(), 30, 200);
- addObject(new Worm(), 60, 90);
- addObject(new Worm(), 80, 310);
- addObject(new Worm(), 150, 50);
- addObject(new Worm(), 210, 410);
- addObject(new Worm(), 220, 520);
- addObject(new Worm(), 380, 330);
- addObject(new Worm(), 410, 270);
- addObject(new Worm(), 530, 30);
- }
-}</programlisting>
-
- <calloutlist>
- <callout arearefs="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-1-co"
- xml:id="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-1">
- <para>We might want our world to become parametrized in a
- more flexible way. Different values for width and height
- should be easily adjustable. With respect to random
- placement of characters these values should be accessible by
- other methods as well. Thus having just integer literals in
- a constructor call is not appropriate.</para>
-
- <para>Action: Define these parameters as class level
- variables.</para>
- </callout>
-
- <callout arearefs="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-2-co"
- xml:id="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-2">
- <para>Our animals will always start at the same initial
- position (300, 300). Playing this game frequently should
- allow for random placement.</para>
-
- <para>Action: Use <productname>Greenfoot</productname>.<link
- xlink:href="http://www.greenfoot.org/files/javadoc/greenfoot/Greenfoot.html#getRandomNumber(int)">getRandomNumber(int)</link>
- to place the crab at random positions.</para>
- </callout>
-
- <callout arearefs="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-3-co"
- xml:id="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-3">
- <para>All animals initially move into the same direction.
- This is due to their rotation angle being initialized to
- zero. Thus each animal will move exactly to the right when
- starting the game.</para>
-
- <para>Action: Randomly initialize all moving animals'
- initial walking directions.</para>
- </callout>
-
- <callout arearefs="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-4-co"
- xml:id="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-4">
- <para>All animals are being positioned at fixed positions
- making our game a little boring.</para>
-
- <para>Action: Rather then positioning lobsters and worms one
- by one use two different for-loops instead. Inside each loop
- randomly position each animal:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">for (...) {
- <emphasis role="bold">// Create all desired worms</emphasis>
-}
-
-for (...) {
- <emphasis role="bold">// Create all desired lobsters</emphasis>
-}</programlisting>
-
- <para>Use class variables to define the number of animals to
- be created.</para>
- </callout>
- </calloutlist>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>We define two variables <emphasis
- role="bold">worldWidth</emphasis> , <emphasis
- role="bold">worldHeight</emphasis> and make them replace the
- integer literal values inside our default
- constructor:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class CrabWorld extends World {
-
- private final static int // Width and height of our
- <emphasis role="bold">worldWidth</emphasis> = 700, // crab's world.
- <emphasis role="bold">worldHeight</emphasis> = 560;
-...
-
- public CrabWorld() {
- super(<emphasis role="bold">worldWidth</emphasis>, <emphasis role="bold">worldHeight</emphasis>, 1);
- populateWorld();
- } ...</programlisting>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>There are different ways to implement choosing
- coordinates randomly. We take an intermediate step by
- implementing two helper methods which create random x- and
- y-coordinate values being valid with respect to our world's
- boundaries:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class CrabWorld extends World {
-
- private final static int // Width and height of our
- worldWidth = 700, // crab's world.
- worldHeight = 560;
-
- /**
- * @return A random c ranging from 0 to the worlds's width in pixel units
- * - 1. A width of e.g. 100 sets the range to {0, 1,..., 99}.
- */
- public static int getRandomX() {
- return Greenfoot.getRandomNumber(worldWidth);
- }
-
- /**
- * @return A random number ranging from 0 to the worlds's height in pixel
- * units - 1. A height of e.g. 70 sets the range to {0, 1,..., 69}.
- */
- public static int getRandomY() {
- return Greenfoot.getRandomNumber(worldHeight);
- } ...</programlisting>
-
- <para>Creating animals at random positions becomes fairly
- easy:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public void populateWorld() {
- addObject(new Crab(), <emphasis role="bold">getRandomX()</emphasis>, <emphasis
- role="bold">getRandomY()</emphasis>);...</programlisting>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>In complete analogy we implement a random rotation
- value generating method:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> /**
- * @return A random rotation within the range [0, 1, ..., 360[.
- */
- public static int getRandomRotation() {
- return Greenfoot.getRandomNumber(360);
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>We might create animals and set their rotation value
- subsequently. Adding a non-default constructor appears to be
- a cleaner approach:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class Crab extends Animal {
-
- // Common constructor code: Initialize a crab's two images, rotation ...
- private void commonConstructor(int rotation) {
- setRotation(rotation);
- setImage(image1);
- wormsEaten = 0;
- }
-
- /**
- * Create a crab.
- */
- public Crab() {
- commonConstructor(0);
- }
-
- public Crab(int rotation) {
- commonConstructor(rotation);
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>We may now complete a crab's random placement with
- random rotation value:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public void populateWorld() {
- addObject(new Crab(getRandomRotation()), getRandomX(), getRandomY());...</programlisting>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Creating and placing lobsters and worms randomly is
- now a straightforward exercise:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class CrabWorld extends World {
-
- private final static int
- <emphasis role="bold">initialLobsterCount</emphasis> = 3,
- <emphasis role="bold">initialWormCount</emphasis> = 10;
-...
-
- public void populateWorld() {
- addObject(new Crab(getRandomRotation()), getRandomX(), getRandomY());
-
- // Creating lobsters.
- for (int i = 0; i < i<emphasis role="bold">nitialLobsterCount</emphasis>; i++) {
- addObject(new Lobster(getRandomRotation()), getRandomX(), getRandomY());
- }
- // Creating worms.
- for (int i = 0; i < <emphasis role="bold">initialWormCount</emphasis>; i++) {
- addObject(new Worm(), getRandomX(), getRandomY());
- }
- } ...</programlisting>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
-
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/crab/V1</para>
- </annotation>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
-
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>The current initialization code may produce the following
- scenario:</para>
-
- <informalfigure>
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/stayclear.png"/>
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </informalfigure>
-
- <para>This will leave a player with hardly any chance to escape.
- So we'd like our lobsters to initially keep some distance from
- our crab. Modify your code accordingly.</para>
-
- <para>Hint: Calculate the distance between a potential lobster's
- position and the already existing crab. Exclude placements
- whenever a lobster gets too close.</para>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <para>We may define a constant reflecting the minimal initial
- distance between a lobster and a crab:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class CrabWorld extends World {
-
- private final static int ...
-
- minimalLobsterCrabDistance = 100; // The minimal distance when starting the game. ...</programlisting>
-
- <para>We may then modify our loop to exclude lobster coordinate
- positions <coref linkend="sd1ListingExcludeLobsterCircle"/>
- falling inside a circle of radius <emphasis
- role="bold">minimalLobsterCrabDistance</emphasis> surrounding
- our crab:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public void populateWorld() {
-
- final int crabX = getRandomX(), // Our crab's initial (x|y) coordinates are
- crabY = getRandomY(); // needed for later calculations, see below.
-
- <emphasis role="bold">// Create our crab.</emphasis>
- addObject(new Crab(getRandomRotation()), crabX, crabY);
-
- <emphasis role="bold">// Creating lobsters.</emphasis>
- int numLobsters = 0;
- while (numLobsters < initialLobsterCount) { // We use a while loop instead of for since
- // numLobsters gets incremented condionally.
-
- final int lobsterX = getRandomX(), // <emphasis role="bold">Potential</emphasis> lobster's position
- lobsterY = getRandomY(), // at (lobsterX|lobsterY).
- deltaX = lobsterX - crabX,
- deltaY = lobsterY - crabY;
-
- // Pythagoras is talking to us. Do you listen? If you can't hear him, take a pencil
- // and a sheet of paper to sketch the problem's geometry.
- //
- // We only add a lobster at coordinate position (lobsterX|lobsterY) if
- // its distance to our crab is sufficiently large.
- //
- if (<emphasis role="bold">minimalLobsterCrabDistance * minimalLobsterCrabDistance <</emphasis> <co
- xml:id="sd1ListingExcludeLobsterCircle"/> // Distance between lobster and crab is
- <emphasis role="bold">deltaX * deltaX + deltaY * deltaY</emphasis>) { // larger than minimalLobsterCrabDistance.
- addObject(new Lobster(getRandomRotation()), lobsterX, lobsterY);
- numLobsters++;
- }
- }
-
- <emphasis role="bold">// Creating worms. Easy: No conditions apply.</emphasis>
- for (int i = 0; i < initialWormCount; i++) {
- addObject(new Worm(), getRandomX(), getRandomY());
- }
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>Full <command>Javadoc</command> including source code is
- <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/crab/V2/package-summary.html">available
- here</link>.</para>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter xml:id="sd1XXX">
- <title>Lecture 8, Loops I (3.11.)</title>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1LoopPrepare">
- <title>Preparations</title>
-
- <para>Chapter <quote>Loops and logic</quote> <xref
- linkend="bib_Horton2011"/> till <quote>Loops</quote> (inclusive).</para>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1LoopExercises">
- <title>Exercises</title>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1LeapYera">
- <title>Leap years</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaLeapYear">
- <title>Distinguishing leap- and non-leap years</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Look up the Gregorian calendar rule for leap years. Then
- implement the following method to decide whether a given year
- is a leap year:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> /**
- * Characterizing a given year either as leap year or
- * non- leap year
- *
- * @param year The year in question.
- * @return true if the year parameter is a leap year, false otherwise.
- */
- public static boolean isLeapYear(int year) {
- ...
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>You should be able to test your implementation the
- following way:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
- System.out.println("Is 1800 a leap year? " + isLeapYear(1800));
- System.out.println("Is 2000 a leap year? " + isLeapYear(2000));
- System.out.println("Is 2016 a leap year? " + isLeapYear(2016));
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>This should produce the following output:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="ignore">Is 1800 a leap year? false
-Is 2000 a leap year? true
-Is 2016 a leap year? true</programlisting>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/rounding</para>
- </annotation>
-
- <para>A first solution may be:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/rounding//de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/leap/LeapYear.html#isLeapYear-int-">public static boolean isLeapYear(int year)</link> {
- if (year % 400 == 0) { // Every 400 years we do have a leap year.
- return true;
- } else if (year % 4 == 0 && 0 != year % 100) { // Every 4 years we do have a leap year unless the year
- return true; // in question is a multiple of 100.
- } else {
- return false;
- }
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>This one is easy to read. Experienced programmers
- however prefer compact code:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/rounding/de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/leap/LeapYearCompact.html#isLeapYear-int-">public static boolean isLeapYear(int year)</link> {
- return
- year % 400 == 0 || // Every 400 years we do have a leap year.
- year % 4 == 0 && 0 != year % 100; // Every 4 years we do have a leap year unless the year
- // in question is a multiple of 100.
- } </programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1SummingUpIntegers">
- <title>Summing up integer values</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaSumInteger">
- <title>Summing up integers to a given limit</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Suppose an arbitrary number n is given e.g n=5. We want
- to compute the sum of all integers ranging from 1 to 5:</para>
-
- <para>1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15</para>
-
- <para>Implement the following method by using a loop:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> /**
- * Summing up all integers up to and including a given limit
- * Example: Let the limit be 5, then the result is 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
- *
- * @param limit The last number to include into the computed sum
- * @return The sum of 1 + 2 + ... + limit
- */
- public static long getSum (int limit) {
- ...
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>You may test your implementation by:<programlisting
- language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
- System.out.println("1 + 2 + ... + 150" + "=" + getSum(150));
- }</programlisting><parameter>Actually a loop is not needed
- since:</parameter></para>
-
- <informalequation>
- <m:math display="block">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mrow>
- <m:munderover>
- <m:mo>∑</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>i</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>=</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>1</m:mi>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mi>n</m:mi>
- </m:munderover>
-
- <m:mi>i</m:mi>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>=</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>n</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¢</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>(</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>n</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>+</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>1</m:mi>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
- </m:mfrac>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </informalequation>
-
- <para>You may use this formula to verify your
- implementation.</para>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/rounding</para>
- </annotation>
-
- <para>We just need a single loop in <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/rounding/de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/sum/Summing.html#getSum-int-">getSum(...)</link>.</para>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1RewriteLoop">
- <title>Rewriting a loop</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaRewriteLoop">
- <title><code>for</code>, <code>while</code> and <code>do</code> ...
- <code>while</code></title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Consider the following example:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class LoopExample {
-
- public static void main(String [] args) {
- squareNumbers(14);
- }
-
- /**
- * Compute all square numbers starting from 4 in steps of 3
- * being smaller than a given limit. The results are being written to standard output.
- * Implemented by a for -loop.
- *
- * @param limit An upper exclusive bound for the highest number to be squared..
- */
- public static void squareNumbers(final int limit) {
- System.out.println("Computing square numbers");
- for (int i = 4; i < limit; i += 3) {
- System.out.println("i = " + i + ", i * i = " + i * i);
- }
- System.out.println("Finished computing square numbers");
- }
-}</programlisting>
-
- <para>Re-implement the above code two times as:</para>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>while loop:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> ...
- public static void while_squareNumbers(final int limit) {
- System.out.println("Computing square numbers");
-...
- while (...) {
-...
- }
- System.out.println("Finished computing square numbers");
- } ...</programlisting>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>do ... while loop:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> ...
- public static void while_squareNumbers(final int limit) {
- System.out.println("Computing square numbers");
-...
- do {
-...
- } while(...);
-
- System.out.println("Finished computing square numbers");
- } ...</programlisting>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
-
- <para>Caveat: The do ... while part is a little bit tricky.
- Read the method's documentation <emphasis><emphasis
- role="bold">precisely</emphasis></emphasis> to avoid a common
- pitfall.</para>
-
- <para>Do you have a comment choosing the right type of
- loop?</para>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <para>The while loop is actually quite straightforward to
- implement:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/loop/answer/de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/loop/LoopExample.html">LoopExample</link> {
- ...
- public static void <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/loop/answer/de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/loop/LoopExample.html#doWhile_squareNumbers-int-">while_squareNumbers(final int limit)</link> {
- System.out.println("Computing square numbers");
- int i = 4;
- while (i < limit) {
- System.out.println("i = " + i + ", i * i = " + i * i);
- i += 3;
- }
- System.out.println("Finished computing square numbers");
- } ...</programlisting>
-
- <para>Its tempting to implement a <code>do ... while</code> in
- a similar fashion:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class LoopExample {
- ...
- public static void doWhile_squareNumbers(final int limit) {
- System.out.println("Computing square numbers");
- int i = 4;
- do {
- System.out.println("i = " + i + ", i * i = " + i * i);
- i += 3;
- } while (i < limit);
- System.out.println("Finished computing square numbers");
- } ...</programlisting>
-
- <para>This implementation however is flawed: If we call
- doWhile_squareNumbers(3) we still receive one line of output.
- But according to the documentation no output is to be
- expected. Whatever the argument is, at least one output line
- gets printed. To avoid this error the loop has to be enclosed
- by an if- statement:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public static void <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/loop/answer/de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/loop/LoopExample.html#doWhile_squareNumbers-int-">doWhile_squareNumbers</link>(final int limit) {
- System.out.println("Computing square numbers");
- int i = 4;
- if (i < limit) { // Needed !!!
- do {
- System.out.println("i = " + i + ", i * i = " + i * i);
- i += 3;
- } while (i < limit);
- }
- System.out.println("Finished computing square numbers");
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>This required if-clause reminds us that a <code>do {...}
- while (...)</code> is an ill-suited choice here in comparison
- to a <code>while(...){...}</code> or a
- <code>for(...){...}</code> loop.</para>
-
- <para>Actually a <code>for(...){...} loop is the best choice
- here since the number of iterations is known in advance, the
- increment is constant and it allows for
- initialization</code>.</para>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1MathTable">
- <title>A mathematical table.</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaSinTable">
- <title>Nicely formatting sine values.</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>We are interested in the following output presenting the
- sine function rounded to three decimal places:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="ignore"> x | sin(x)
-----+------
- 0 | 0.000
- 5 | 0.087
- 10 | 0.174
- 15 | 0.259
- 20 | 0.342
-----+-------
- 25 | 0.423
- 30 | 0.500
- 35 | 0.574
- 40 | 0.643
-----+-------
-... (left out for brevity's sake)
-----+-------
-325 |-0.574
-330 |-0.500
-335 |-0.423
-340 |-0.342
-----+-------
-345 |-0.259
-350 |-0.174
-355 |-0.870</programlisting>
-
- <para>You may also generate HTML output.</para>
-
- <para>Write a corresponding Java application producing this
- output. You will have to deal with alignment problems, leading
- spaces, padding zeros and so on. Though more sophisticated
- support exists the following hints will fully suffice:</para>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Consider the <link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#sin-double-">sin(...)</link>
- function. The documentation will tell you that the
- argument to sin(...) is expected to be in radians rather
- than common degree values from [0,360[ being expected on
- output. So you will have to transform degree values to
- radians.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Depending on the angle's value you may want to add
- one or two leading spaces to keep the first column right
- aligned.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Depending on the sign you may want to add leading
- spaces to the second column.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Rounding the sine's value is the crucial part here.
- The function <link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#round-double-">round()</link>
- is quite helpful. Consider the following example rounding
- 23.22365 to four decimal places:</para>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Multiplication by 10000 results in
- 232236.5</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para><link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#round-double-">round(232236.5)</link>
- results in 232237 (long).</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Integer division by 10000 yields 23</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>The remainder (by 10000) is 2237</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>So you may print 23.2237 this way</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>You'll need padding zero values to transform e.g.
- <quote>0.4</quote> to <quote>0.400</quote>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/rounding</para>
- </annotation>
-
- <para>See <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/rounding/de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/rounding/MathTable.html">MathTable</link>.</para>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
- </section>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter xml:id="sd1Loop2">
- <title>Lecture 9, Loops II (5.11.)</title>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1Gcd">
- <title>The greatest common divisor and the common multiple</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaGcd">
- <title>Finding the greatest common divisor of two integer
- values</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>We recall <xref linkend="sde1QandaFraction"/>. So far no
- one demands fractions to be kept in maximally reduced state. The
- call new Fraction(4,8) will create an instance internally being
- represented by <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:mi>4</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>8</m:mi>
- </m:mfrac>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation> rather than by <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:mi>1</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
- </m:mfrac>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation>.</para>
-
- <para>Reducing fractions requires a loop implementing e.g. the
- <link
- xlink:href="http://www.math.rutgers.edu/~greenfie/gs2004/euclid.html">Euclidean
- algorithm</link> in order to find the greatest common divisor
- (<acronym>GCD</acronym>) of two non-zero integer values.</para>
-
- <para>Read the above link and implement a private class method
- getGcd(long, long) inside a class
- <classname>Math</classname>:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public static long getGcd(long a, long b) <co
- xml:id="sd1ListEuclidNeg"/> {
- // Following http://www.math.rutgers.edu/~greenfie/gs2004/euclid.html
- return ??;
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>With respect to fractions one or both parameters
- <code>a</code> and <code>b</code> <coref
- linkend="sd1ListEuclidNeg"/> may zero or negative. So we do have
- several special cases to handle:</para>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>a == 0 and b == 0</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Return 1.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>a == 0 and b != 0</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Return absolute value of b.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>a != 0 and b != 0</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Return the <acronym>gcd</acronym> of the absolute
- values of a and b</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
-
- <para>Based on <methodname>getGcd(...)</methodname> implement
- the common multiple of two long values:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public static long getCommonMultiple(long a, long b) {...}</programlisting>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/Gcd/V1</para>
- </annotation>
-
- <para>Implementing <methodname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Gcd/V1/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/gcd/Math.html#getGcd-long-long-">getGcd(</methodname>...):</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public static long <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Gcd/V1/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/gcd/Math.html#getCommonMultiple-long-long-">getGcd(long a, long b)</link> {
-
- // Following http://www.math.rutgers.edu/~greenfie/gs2004/euclid.html
- if (a < b) { // Swap the values of a and b
- long tmp = a;
- a = b;
- b = tmp;
- }
- while (0 != b) {
- long r = a % b;
- a = b;
- b = r;
- }
- return a;
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>Knowing the the <acronym>gcd</acronym> of two values a and
- b the common multiple may be obtained by <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:mi>a</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>gcd</m:mi>
- </m:mfrac>
-
- <m:mo>â¢</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:mi>b</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>gcd</m:mi>
- </m:mfrac>
-
- <m:mo>â¢</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>gcd</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>=</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>a</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¢</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>b</m:mi>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mi>gcd</m:mi>
- </m:mfrac>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation>. Thus we have:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public static long <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Gcd/V1/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/gcd/Math.html#getGcd-long-long-">getCommonMultiple(long a, long b)</link> {
- final long gcd = getGcd(a, b);
- if (1 == gcd) {
- return a * b;
- } else {
- return (a / gcd) * b;
- }
- }</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="ed1FractionCancel">
- <title>Reducing fractions</title>
-
- <para>The following exercise requires the import of the previous Maven
- based exercise <xref linkend="sd1QandaGcd"/>. The import may be effected
- by:</para>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Creating a local Maven jar archive export by executing
- <quote><command>mvn</command> <option>install</option></quote> in
- project <xref linkend="sd1QandaGcd"/> at the command line.
- Alternatively you may right click on your <xref
- linkend="glo_pom.xml"/> file in <xref linkend="glo_Eclipse"/>
- hitting <quote>Run as Maven build</quote> using
- <parameter>install</parameter> as goal.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Defining <xref linkend="sd1QandaGcd"/> as a dependency <coref
- linkend="mvnGcdDep"/> in your current project:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none"><project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
- xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
- <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
-
- <groupId>de.hdm-stuttgart.de.sd1</groupId>
- <artifactId>fraction</artifactId>
- <version>1.0</version>
- <packaging>jar</packaging>
-
- <name>fraction</name>
- ...
- <dependencies>
- <emphasis role="bold"><dependency></emphasis> <co xml:id="mvnGcdDep"/>
- <emphasis role="bold"><groupId>de.hdm-stuttgart.de.sd1</groupId>
- <artifactId>gcd</artifactId>
- <version>1.0</version>
- <scope>compile</scope>
- </dependency></emphasis>
- <dependency>
- <groupId>junit</groupId>
- ...
- </dependency>
- </dependencies>
-</project></programlisting>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
-
- <figure xml:id="figMavenProjectDependency">
- <title>Defining a dependency to another Maven artifact.</title>
-
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="Ref/Svg/mavenPrjRef.svg"/>
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </figure>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaFractionCancel">
- <title>Implementing reducing of fractions</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>We have implemented <acronym>GCD</acronym> computation in
- <xref linkend="sd1QandaGcd"/>. The current exercises idea is to
- implement reducing of fractions by using the method
- <methodname>long getGcd(long a, long b)</methodname>. Change the
- following implementation items:</para>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>The constructor should reduce a fraction if required,
- see introductory remark.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>The Methods <methodname>mult(...)</methodname> and
- <methodname>add(...)</methodname> should reduce any
- resulting Fraction instance. It might be worth to consider a
- defensive strategy to avoid unnecessary overflow
- errors.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
-
- <para>Test your results.</para>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/fraction/V2</para>
- </annotation>
-
- <para>Modifying the constructor is straightforward: On creating
- a fraction we simply divide both numerator and denominator by
- the <acronym>GCD</acronym> value:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/fraction/V2/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/fraction/Fraction.html#Fraction-long-long-">public Fraction(long numerator, long denominator)</link> {
- final long gcd = Math.getGcd(numerator, denominator);
-
- setNumerator(numerator / gcd);
- setDenominator(denominator / gcd);
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>Its tempting to implement
- <methodname>mult(...)</methodname> in a simple fashion:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public Fraction mult2(Fraction f) {
- return new Fraction(numerator * f.numerator,
- denominator * f.denominator);
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>This is however too shortsighted. Consider the example
- <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:mi>4</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>7</m:mi>
- </m:mfrac>
-
- <m:mo>â¢</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:mi>3</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
- </m:mfrac>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation>. Our simple implementation proposal would
- call <code>new Fraction(12, 14)</code> only to discover a
- <acronym>GCD</acronym> value of 4. Having larger argument values
- this might cause an unnecessary overflow. Moreover the
- <acronym>GCD</acronym> calculation will take longer than
- needed.</para>
-
- <para>We may instead transform the term in question by
- exchanging the numerators like <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:mi>3</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>7</m:mi>
- </m:mfrac>
-
- <m:mo>â¢</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:mi>4</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
- </m:mfrac>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation> to enable reducing <emphasis
- role="bold">prior</emphasis> to multiplying. Now the call
- <code>new Fraction(4,2)</code> will construct the representation
- <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>1</m:mi>
- </m:mfrac>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation> and finishing the computation will yield the
- correct result <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:mi>6</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>7</m:mi>
- </m:mfrac>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation>. We should thus implement:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public Fraction <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/fraction/V2/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/fraction/Fraction.html#mult-de.hdm_stuttgart.mi.sd1.fraction.Fraction-">mult(Fraction f)</link> {
- final Fraction f1 = new Fraction(f.numerator, denominator),
- f2 = new Fraction(numerator, f.denominator);
-
- return new Fraction(f1.numerator * f2.numerator,
- f1.denominator * f2.denominator);
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>Similar reflections lead to the clue decomposing the
- denominators when implementing
- <methodname>add(...)</methodname>. This is what you'd do as well
- if your task was adding two fractions by hand trying to avoid
- large numbers:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public Fraction <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/fraction/V2/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/fraction/Fraction.html#add-de.hdm_stuttgart.mi.sd1.fraction.Fraction-">add(Fraction f)</link> {
-
- final long gcd = Math.getGcd(denominator, f.denominator);
-
- return new Fraction( numerator * (f.denominator / gcd) + (denominator / gcd) * f.numerator,
- (denominator / gcd) * f.denominator);
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>See complete <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/fraction/V2/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/fraction/Fraction.html">implementation
- here</link>. We may re-use out test:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public static void <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/fraction/V2/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/fraction/Driver.html#main-java.lang.String:A-">main(String[] args)</link> {
-
- // Input
- final Fraction
- twoThird = new Fraction(2, 3), // Construct a fraction object (2/3)
- threeSeven = new Fraction(3, 7); // Construct a fraction object (3/7)
-
- // Computed results
- final Fraction
- sum = twoThird.add(threeSeven), // (2/3) + (3/7)
- product = twoThird.mult(threeSeven); // (2/3) * (3/7)
-
- System.out.println("(2/3) + (3/7) = (23/21) = " + sum.getValue());
- System.out.println("(2/3) * (3/7) = (2/7) = " + product.getValue());
- }</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1MathMaxAbs">
- <title>Building a private library of mathematical functions.</title>
-
- <para>The following sections provide exercises on implementing
- mathematical functions. We start with an easy one.</para>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaMaxAbs">
- <title>Maximum and absolute value</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Implement two class methods double abs(double) and double
- max(double, double, double) in a class math living in a package
- of your choice:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">package de.hdm_stuttgart.de.sd1.math;
-
-/**
- * Some class methods.
- */
-public class Math {
-
- /**
- * Return the absolute value of a given argument
- * @param value The argument to be considered
- * @return the argument's absolute (positive) value.
- */
- public static double abs(double value) {
- ... return ??;
- }
-
- /**
- * The maximum of two arguments
- * @param a First argument
- * @param b Second argument
- * @return The maximum of a and b
- */
- public static double max(double a, double b) {
- ... return ??;
- }
-
- /**
- * The maximum of three arguments
- *
- * @param a First argument
- * @param b Second argument
- * @param c Third argument
- * @return The maximum of a, b and c
- */
- public static double max(double a, double b, double c) {
- ... return ??;
- }
-}</programlisting>
-
- <para>Test these functions using appropriate data.</para>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/math/V0_5</para>
- </annotation>
-
- <para>See <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/math/V0_5/de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/math/Math.html">implementation
- here.</link></para>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1SecExp">
- <title>Implementing the exponential function.</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaMath">
- <title>The exponential <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>f</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfenced>
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
- </m:mfenced>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>=</m:mo>
-
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>e</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation></title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>The exponential <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>f</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfenced>
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
- </m:mfenced>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>=</m:mo>
-
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>e</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation> is being defined by a power series:</para>
-
- <equation xml:id="sd1EqnDefExp">
- <title>Power series definition of <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>f</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfenced>
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
- </m:mfenced>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>=</m:mo>
-
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>e</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation></title>
-
- <m:math display="block">
- <m:mtable>
- <m:mtr>
- <m:mtd>
- <m:mrow>
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>e</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
-
- <m:mo>=</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>1</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>+</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>1</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>1</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>!</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mfrac>
-
- <m:mo>+</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>!</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mfrac>
-
- <m:mo>+</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>3</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>3</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>!</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mfrac>
-
- <m:mo>+</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>...</m:mi>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mtd>
- </m:mtr>
-
- <m:mtr>
- <m:mtd>
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>=</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:munderover>
- <m:mo>∑</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>i</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>=</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>0</m:mi>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mi mathvariant="normal">∞</m:mi>
- </m:munderover>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>i</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>i</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>!</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mfrac>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mtd>
- </m:mtr>
- </m:mtable>
- </m:math>
- </equation>
-
- <para>Implement a class method <methodname>double
- exp(double)</methodname> inside a class <package>Math</package>
- choosing a package of your choice. The name clash with the Java
- standard class <link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html">java.lang.Math</link>
- is intended: You'll learn how to resolve naming
- conflicts.</para>
-
- <para>Regarding practical calculations we replace the above
- infinite series by a limited one. So the number of terms to be
- considered will become a parameter which shall be configurable.
- Continue the implementation of the following skeleton:</para>
-
- <figure xml:id="sd1FigExpSketch">
- <title>An implementation sketch for the exponential</title>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class Math {
- ...
-
- /**
- * @param seriesLimit The last term's index of a power series to be included,
- */
- public static void setSeriesLimit(int seriesLimit) {...}
-
- /**
- * Approximating the natural exponential function by a finite
- * number of terms from the corresponding power series.
- *
- * A power series implementation has to be finite since an
- * infinite number of terms requires infinite execution time.
- *
- * The number of terms to be considered can be set by {@link #setSeriesLimit(int)}}
- *
- * @param x
- * @return
- */
- public static double exp(double x) {...}
-}</programlisting>
- </figure>
-
- <para>Compare your results using <code>seriesLimit=8</code>
- terms and the corresponding values from the professional
- implementation <link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#exp-double">java.lang.Math.exp</link>
- by calculating <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>e</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>1</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation>, <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>e</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation> and <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>e</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>3</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation>. What do you observe? Can you explain this
- result?</para>
-
- <para>Do not forget to provide suitable
- <command>Javadoc</command> comments and watch the generated
- documentation.</para>
-
- <para>Hints:</para>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>You should only use basic arithmetic operations like
- +, - * and /. Do not use <link
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#pow-double-double-">Math.pow(double
- a, double b)</link> and friends! Their implementations use
- power series expansions as well and are designed for a
- different purpose like having fractional exponent
- values.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>The power series' elements may be obtained in a
- recursive fashion like e.g.:</para>
-
- <informalequation>
- <m:math display="block">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>3</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>3</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>!</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mfrac>
-
- <m:mo>=</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mn>3</m:mn>
- </m:mfrac>
-
- <m:mo>â¢</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>!</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mfrac>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </informalequation>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/math/V1</para>
- </annotation>
-
- <para>Regarding the finite number of terms we implement the last
- index to be considered as a class variable <coref
- linkend="sd1ListingSeriesLimit"/> having default value 1. We
- also provide a corresponding setter method <coref
- linkend="sd1ListingSeriesLimitSetter"/> enabling users of our
- class to choose an appropriate value:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class Math {
-
- static int <emphasis role="bold">seriesLimit = 1</emphasis>; <co
- xml:id="sd1ListingSeriesLimit"/>
-
- /**
- *
- * @param seriesLimit The last term's index of a power series to be included,
- * {@link }}.
- */
- public static void setSeriesLimit(int seriesLimit) { <co
- xml:id="sd1ListingSeriesLimitSetter"/>
- Math.seriesLimit = seriesLimit;
- } ...</programlisting>
-
- <para>Calculating values by a finite series requires a
- loop:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public static double exp(double x) {
- double currentTerm = 1., // the first (i == 0) term x^0/0!
- sum = currentTerm; // initialize to the power series' first term
-
- for (int i = 1; i <= seriesLimit; i++) { // i = 0 has already been completed.
- currentTerm *= x / i;
- sum += currentTerm;
- }
- return sum;
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>You may also view the <productname>Javadoc</productname>
- and the implementation of <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/math/V1/de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/math/Math.html#exp-double-">double
- Math.exp(double)</link>. We may use the subsequent code snippet
- for testing and comparing our implementation:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> Math.setSeriesLimit(6);
-
- double byPowerSeries = Math.exp(1.);
- System.out.println("e^1=" + byPowerSeries + ", difference=" + (byPowerSeries - java.lang.Math.exp(1.)));
-
- byPowerSeries = Math.exp(2.);
- System.out.println("e^2=" + byPowerSeries + ", difference=" + (byPowerSeries - java.lang.Math.exp(2.)));
-
- byPowerSeries = Math.exp(3.);
- System.out.println("e^3=" + byPowerSeries + ", difference=" + (byPowerSeries - java.lang.Math.exp(3.)));</programlisting>
-
- <para>In comparison with a professional implementation we have
- the following results:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="unknown">e^1=2.7180555555555554, difference=-2.262729034896438E-4
-e^2=7.355555555555555, difference=-0.033500543375095226
-e^3=19.412499999999998, difference=-0.67303692318767</programlisting>
-
- <para>Our implementation based on just 6 terms is quite good for
- small values of x. Larger values however exhibit growing
- differences.</para>
-
- <para>This is due to the fact that our approximation is in fact
- just a polynomial of degree 6.</para>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1MathSin">
- <title>Adding sine</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaSin">
- <title>Implementing <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>(</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation>.</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>We may implement <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>(</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation> in a similar fashion to <xref
- linkend="sd1EqnDefExp"/>:</para>
-
- <equation xml:id="sd1EqnDefSin">
- <title>Power series definition of <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>f</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfenced>
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
- </m:mfenced>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>=</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>(</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation></title>
-
- <m:math display="block">
- <m:mtable>
- <m:mtr>
- <m:mtd>
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>(</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>=</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>-</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>3</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>3</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>!</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mfrac>
-
- <m:mo>+</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>5</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>5</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>!</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mfrac>
-
- <m:mo>-</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>7</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>7</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>!</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mfrac>
-
- <m:mo>+</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>...</m:mi>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mtd>
- </m:mtr>
-
- <m:mtr>
- <m:mtd>
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>=</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:munderover>
- <m:mo>∑</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>i</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>=</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>0</m:mi>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mi mathvariant="normal">∞</m:mi>
- </m:munderover>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:msup>
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>(</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>-1</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mi>i</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>i</m:mo>
-
- <m:mo>+</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>1</m:mi>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:msup>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>(</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>i</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>+</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>1</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>!</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mfrac>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mtd>
- </m:mtr>
- </m:mtable>
- </m:math>
- </equation>
-
- <para>Extend <xref linkend="sd1FigExpSketch"/> by adding a
- second method <methodname>double sin(double)</methodname>. Do
- not forget to add suitable <command>Javadoc</command> comments
- and watch the generated documentation.</para>
-
- <para>Test your implementation by calculating the known values
- <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>(</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
- </m:mfrac>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation>, <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>(</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation> and <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>(</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>4</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation> using <varname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#PI">java.lang.Math.PI</varname>.
- Explain your results</para>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/math/V2</para>
- </annotation>
-
- <para>Taking seven terms into account we have the following
- results:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="unknown">sin(pi/2)=0.9999999999939768, difference=-6.023181953196399E-12
-sin(pi)=-7.727858895155385E-7, difference=-7.727858895155385E-7
-sin(4 * PI)=-9143.306026012957, <emphasis role="bold">difference=-9143.306026012957</emphasis></programlisting>
-
- <para>As with the implementation of <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>e</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation> larger (positive or negative) argument
- values show growing differences. On the other hand the
- approximation is remarkably precise for smaller arguments. The
- reason again is the fact that our power series is just a
- polynomial approximation.</para>
-
- <para>You may also view the <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/math/V2/de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/math/Math.html#sin-double-">Javadoc</link>
- and the implementation of <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/math/V2/de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/math/Math.html#sin-double-">double
- Math.sin(double)</link>.</para>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sdnSecSinRoundingErrors">
- <title>Strange things happen</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaReorderSin">
- <title>Summing up in a different order.</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>We may reorder summing up within our power series
- defining<inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>(</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation>:</para>
-
- <equation xml:id="sde1MathReorderSumming">
- <title>Reordering of terms with respect to an
- implementation.</title>
-
- <m:math display="block">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>(</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>=</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>+</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>(</m:mo>
-
- <m:mo>-</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>3</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>3</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>!</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mfrac>
-
- <m:mo>+</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>5</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>5</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>!</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mfrac>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>+</m:mo>
-
- <m:mo>(</m:mo>
-
- <m:mo>-</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>7</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>7</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>!</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mfrac>
-
- <m:mo>+</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>9</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>9</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>!</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mfrac>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
-
- <m:mo>+</m:mo>
-
- <m:mo>...</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </equation>
-
- <para>From a mathematical point of view there is no difference
- to <xref linkend="sd1EqnDefSin"/>. Nevertheless:</para>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Rename your current sine implementation to
- <methodname>double sinOld(double)</methodname>.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Implement a new method <methodname>double
- sin(double)</methodname> using the above summing
- reordering.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
-
- <para>Compare the results of <methodname>double
- sinOld(double)</methodname> and <methodname>double
- sin(double)</methodname> for seven terms. What do you observe?
- Do you have an explanation?</para>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/math/V3</para>
- </annotation>
-
- <para>The following results result from <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/math/V3/de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/math/Driver.html">this
- test</link>:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="unknown">Old Implementation:+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
-
-sinOld(pi/2)=0.9999999999939768, difference=-6.023181953196399E-12
-sinOld(pi)=-7.727858895155385E-7, difference=-7.727858895155385E-7
-sinOld(4 * PI)=-9143.306026012957, difference=-9143.306026012957
-
-New reorder Implementation:+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
-
-sin(pi/2)=1.0000000000000435, difference=4.3520742565306136E-14
-sin(pi)=2.2419510618081458E-8, difference=2.2419510618081458E-8
-sin(4 * PI)=4518.2187229323445, difference=4518.2187229323445</programlisting>
-
- <para>Comparing corresponding values our reordered
- implementation is more than 100 times more precise. For larger
- values we still have a factor of two.</para>
-
- <para>This is due to limited arithmetic precision: Each double
- value can only be approximated by an in memory representation of
- eight bytes. Consider the following example:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> double one = 1.,
- a = 0.000000000000200,
- b = 0.000000000000201;
-
- System.out.println("(1 + (a - b)) - 1:" + ((one + (a - b)) - one));
- System.out.println("((1 + a) - b) - 1:" + (((one + a) - b) - one));</programlisting>
-
- <para>This produces the following output:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="unknown">(1 + (a - b)) - 1:-9.992007221626409E-16
-((1 + a) - b) - 1:-8.881784197001252E-16</programlisting>
-
- <para>Errors like this one sum up in a power series to
- reasonable values especially if higher powers are
- involved.</para>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1SinComplete">
- <title>Completing sine implementation</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaSinMapArguments">
- <title>Transforming arguments.</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>We've reached an implementation offering good results for
- <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>(</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation> if <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>∈</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>[</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>-</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
- </m:mfrac>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>,</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
- </m:mfrac>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>]</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation>. The following rules may be used to retain
- precision for arbitrary argument values:</para>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <informalequation>
- <m:math display="block">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:msub>
- <m:mo>∀</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>∈</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi mathvariant="normal">â„</m:mi>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:msub>
-
- <m:mo>,</m:mo>
-
- <m:msub>
- <m:mo>∀</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>n</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>∈</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi mathvariant="normal">ℤ</m:mi>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:msub>
-
- <m:mo>:</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>(</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>n</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¢</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¢</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>+</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>=</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>(</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </informalequation>
-
- <para>This rule of periodicity allows us to consider only
- the interval <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>[</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>-</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>,</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>[</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation> like e.g. <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>(</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>20</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>=</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>(</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>20</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>-</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>3</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¢</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¢</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>≈</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>(</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>1.15</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation>.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <informalequation>
- <m:math display="block">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:msub>
- <m:mo>∀</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>∈</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi mathvariant="normal">â„</m:mi>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:msub>
-
- <m:mo>:</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>(</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>=</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>(</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>-</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>x</m:mi>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </informalequation>
-
- <para>This rule allows us to map values from <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>[</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>-</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>,</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>[</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation> to <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>[</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>-</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
- </m:mfrac>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>,</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
- </m:mfrac>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>[</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation> like e.g. <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>(2</m:mo>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>=</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>(</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>-</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>≈</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>sin</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>â¡</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>(</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>1.14</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>)</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
-
- <para>These two rules allow us to consider only the interval
- <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>[</m:mo>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>-</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
- </m:mfrac>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>,</m:mo>
-
- <m:mfrac>
- <m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
- </m:mfrac>
- </m:mrow>
-
- <m:mo>]</m:mo>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation> with respect to our power series. Extend
- your current implementation by mapping arbitrary arguments to
- this interval appropriately.</para>
-
- <para>Hint: The standard function <methodname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#floor-double-">Math.rint(double)</methodname>
- could be helpful: It may turn e.g. 4.47 (<code>double</code>) to
- 4 (<code>long</code>).</para>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/math/V4</para>
- </annotation>
-
- <para>For convenience reasons we start defining PI within our
- class:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class Math {
-
- private static final double PI = java.lang.Math.PI;
- ...</programlisting>
-
- <para>No we need two steps mapping our argument:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public static double sin(double x) {
- // Step 1: Normalize x to [-PI, +PI[
- final long countTimes2PI = (long) java.lang.Math.rint(x / 2 / PI);
- if (countTimes2PI != 0) {
- x -= 2 * PI * countTimes2PI;
- }
-
- // Step 2: Normalize x to [-PI/2, +PI/2]
- // Since sin(x) = sin (PI - x) we continue to normalize
- // having x in [-PI/2, +PI/2]
- if (PI/2 < x) {
- x = PI - x;
- } else if (x < -PI/2) {
- x = -x - PI;
- }
-
- // Step 3: Continue with business as usual
- ...</programlisting>
-
- <para>You may also view the <productname>Javadoc</productname>
- and the implementation of <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/math/V4/de/hdm_stuttgart/de/sd1/math/Math.html#sin-double-">double
- Math.sin(double)</link>.</para>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter xml:id="sd1ArrayI">
- <title>Arrays I (17.11.)</title>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1ArrayPrepare">
- <title>Preparations</title>
-
- <para>Chapter 4 <xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/> excluding
- <quote>Mutable Strings</quote>.</para>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1ArrayiExercise">
- <title>Exercises</title>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1IntStore">
- <title>Storing integer values</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaIntStore">
- <title>A container of fixed capacity holding integer values</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Implement a class
- <classname>BoundedIntegerStore</classname> being able to hold
- a fixed number of integer values. Internally these values will
- be stored in an array. The design has been chosen to be
- extended in later exercises.</para>
-
- <para>A skeleton project archive is available at:</para>
-
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/Array/integerStoreSkeleton</para>
- </annotation>
-
- <para>The above link contains a skeleton file
- <filename>project.zip</filename>. You may import this project
- into your <xref linkend="glo_Eclipse"/> workspace by:</para>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Creating an empty directory e.g.
- <quote>myProject</quote>.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Unzip <filename>project.zip</filename> into
- <quote>myProject</quote>.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Choose File-->Import-->Maven-->Existing
- maven projects in <xref linkend="glo_Eclipse"/> and
- navigate to the <quote>myProject</quote> folder to import
- it.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
-
- <para>This skeleton project contains:</para>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>A class <classname>Driver</classname> which allows
- you to execute some output generating tests.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>A <xref linkend="glo_Junit"/> test
- <classname>IntStoreTest</classname> which allows you to
- test your ongoing implementation of
- <classname>BoundedIntegerStore</classname>. This class
- contains several <code>// TODO</code> comments indicating
- positions to be completed.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>The tests will fail initially. After successful
- implementation they should however run
- successfully.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/Array/integerStore</para>
- </annotation>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1IntStoreUnbounded">
- <title>Let the store grow dynamically</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaIntStoreUnbounded">
- <title>A container of variable capacity holding integer
- values</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>In <xref linkend="sd1QandaIntStore"/> once a store has
- been created its capacity is fixed. We'd like to extend our
- class to support dynamic growth while adding new values. To
- achieve this goal follow the following steps:</para>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Copy the completed project to a new one e.g. named
- <quote>UnboundedContainer</quote>. This way you still have
- the bounded implementation available.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Rename your class
- <classname>BoundedIntegerStore</classname> to
- <classname>IntegerStore</classname> reflecting the
- possibility of dynamic growth.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>You have to modify the method <code>void
- addValue(int value)</code>: If the array's size gets
- exceeded (e.g. adding the fifth value having array size of
- just 4) do:</para>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Create a second array offering twice the current
- capacity. This technique is referred to as
- <quote>amortized doubling</quote>.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Copy all existing values from the current array
- to the new array</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Assign the new array to <code>int[]
- values</code>. You thereby implicitly discard the old
- array.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>copy the latest argument to the array as
- usual.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
-
- <para>Basically you have to compare the number of already
- inserted elements and the current capacity prior to
- inserting any new value.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Add a default constructor providing an initial
- default capacity of 4.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
-
- <para>Modify and add <xref linkend="glo_Junit"/> tests
- accordingly to reflect the new behaviour. Especially test
- correct capacity reallocation for larger numbers of values
- being added.</para>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/Array/integerStoreUnbounded</para>
- </annotation>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1StoreStatistics">
- <title>Providing statistical data</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaIntStoreStat">
- <title>Adding support to retrieve statistical data.</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Extend <xref linkend="sd1QandaIntStoreUnbounded"/> by
- providing a method <methodname>double
- getAverage()</methodname> to provide statistical data on a
- given set of integer values. In addition provide a method
- <methodname>void clear()</methodname> enabling a user to
- support different sets of values.</para>
-
- <para>Do not forget to extend your <xref linkend="glo_Junit"/>
- tests. You may want to import an <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/integerStoreStat/eclipse.zip">eclipse
- skeleton project</link> to start from.</para>
-
- <caution>
- <para>When testing for equality of double values you may
- find the <xref linkend="glo_Junit"/> method <methodname
- xlink:href="http://junit.sourceforge.net/javadoc/org/junit/Assert.html#assertEquals(double,%20double)">assertEquals()</methodname>to
- be marked as <link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/1.5.0/docs/guide/javadoc/deprecation/deprecation.html">deprecated</link>.
- Give a reason why this decision has been taken. This may
- guide you to find an appropriate test.</para>
- </caution>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/Array/integerStoreStat</para>
- </annotation>
-
- <para>Testing for equality of two <code>double</code>
- variables is generally a bad idea. Consider the double literal
- <code>1.25</code> and the expression <code>5. / 4</code>. A
- test <code>assertEquals(1.25, 5. / 4)</code> is likely to fail
- due to arithmetic representation problems. Thus you have to
- use a distance measurement like e.g.
- <code>assertTrue(Math.abs(1.25 - 5. / 4) < 1E-50)</code>
- instead.</para>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
- </section>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter xml:id="sd1ArrayII">
- <title>Arrays II (19.11.)</title>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1ArrayIprepare">
- <title>Preparations</title>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Java Annotations</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Unfortunately <xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/> is somewhat
- reluctant regarding Java annotations:</para>
-
- <remark>A Java source file can contain annotations. An annotation
- is not a Java language statement, but a special statement that
- changes the way program statements are treated by the compiler or
- the libraries. You can define your own annotations but most Java
- programmers never need to do so, so I’m not going into the
- how.</remark>
-
- <para>With respect to unit testing using (not defining!)
- annotations is very helpful.</para>
-
- <para>Get a basic understanding of Java annotations by reading
- <link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/annotations">Lesson:
- Annotations</link>. Don't worry if you do not understand the
- complete article. The primary intention is about understanding the
- <code>@Test</code> annotation in <xref linkend="glo_Junit"/>, see
- next topic.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Unit testing using <xref
- linkend="glo_Junit"/></glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Read <link
- xlink:href="http://www.vogella.com/tutorials/JUnit/article.html">the
- introduction</link>.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Inheritance</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Chapter 6 <xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/> until (including)
- <quote>Using the final modifier</quote>. You may skip
- <quote>Methods accepting a variable number of
- arguments</quote>.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><productname>Greenfoot</productname> and
- loops</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Read chapter 5 of <xref
- linkend="bib_Koelling2010Ger"/>.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1Array2Exercise">
- <title>Exercises</title>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1PrimeRevisit">
- <title>Prime numbers revisited</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaPrimTest">
- <title>Testing an implementation</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Consider the following method aimed to test whether a
- given <code>long</code> number is prime or not:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> /**
- * Test, whether a given number is prime.
- * @param candidate The number to be assessed
- * @return true if candidate is prime, false otherwise
- * <dl>
- <dt>Precondition:</dt>
- <dd>2 &lt;= candidate</dd>
- </dl>
- */
- public static boolean isPrime(final long candidate) {
- for (long i = 2; i * i < candidate; i++) { // Just test up to square
- if (0 == candidate % i) { // root of candidate.
- return false;
- }
- }
- return true;
- }
-}</programlisting>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Write a <emphasis role="bold">concise</emphasis>
- test which tests the above method for all numbers from [2,
- 100]. You need to know all prime numbers from this set in
- order to implement a <emphasis
- role="bold">complete</emphasis> test for both directions
- <quote>is prime</quote> and <quote>is not
- prime</quote>.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>In case you find errors correct them.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Write a method which tests prime number candidates
- up to an arbitrary limit (say limit == 10000) and returns
- the number of primes within [2, limit]. Measure this
- method's execution time. You may want to consult
- <methodname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#currentTimeMillis--">System.currentTimeMillis()</methodname>
- or <methodname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#nanoTime--">System.nanoTime()</methodname>
- for that purpose.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/Prime/V1</para>
- </annotation>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>We want to test whether our <methodname>boolean
- isPrime(final long candidate)</methodname> method
- classifies prime numbers as such and whether this message
- is able to tell non-primes as well. We achieve this by
- defining a boolean array having indexes ranging from 0 to
- 100. We then:</para>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Set all array values to false</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Set all array values to true if their index is a
- prime number. This of course requires to know all
- prime numbers below 100.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
-
- <para>This array then allows us to test our method for
- correctness for values up to 100:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class TestPrimes {
-
- @Test
- public void primeTest() {
- final int[] primeNumbers = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23,
- 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 29,
- 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97};
-
- final boolean[] isPrime = new boolean[101]; //Testing 2,3,..,98,99,100
- for (int i = 2; i <= 100; i++) {
- isPrime[i] = false;
- }
- for (final int prime: primeNumbers) {
- isPrime[prime] = true;
- }
- for (int i = 2; i <= 100; i++) {
- assertEquals("Index=" + i , isPrime[i], PrimeNumbers.isPrime(i));
- }
- }</programlisting>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Executing this test yields an error at index 49.
- This is due to an implementation error. The for- loop had
- been defined as:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public static boolean isPrime(final long candidate) {
- for (long i = 2; i * i < candidate; i++) {
- ...</programlisting>
-
- <para>This is wrong: Having <code>candidate == 49</code>
- the last value of i to be considered will be 6. So the
- test for the result of <code>49 % 7</code> will never be
- executed thus returning true. We actually have to modify
- the loop's limit slightly different:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public static boolean isPrime(final long candidate) {
- for (long i = 2; i * i <emphasis role="bold"><=</emphasis> candidate; i++) {
- ...</programlisting>
-
- <para>This way <code>49 % 7</code> will be evaluated to
- zero thus returning <code>false</code> and thereby
- categorizing 49 as a non-prime number.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Our <methodname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Prime/V1/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/main/PrimeNumbers.html#main-java.lang.String:A-">main()</methodname>
- method allows to estimate the prime number computing
- performance:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">prime numbers found:664579
-Elapsed time:14997</programlisting>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1PrimePerformance">
- <title>Improving performance</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaPrimeFactor">
- <title>Getting better calculating prime numbers</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Our current algorithm checking for prime numbers wastes
- a lot computing power. Consider testing candidate value 143.
- Currently our loop will test:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">143 % 2 == 0 ? No.
-143 % 3 == 0 ? No.
-143 % 4 == 0 ? No.
-143 % 5 == 0 ? No.
-143 % 6 == 0 ? No.
-143 % 7 == 0 ? No.
-143 % 8 == 0 ? No.
-143 % 9 == 0 ? No.
-143 % 10 == 0 ? No.
-143 % 11 == 0 ? Yes ==> 143 is not prime</programlisting>
-
- <para>Learning from <link
- xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_factor">prime
- factorization</link> it actually suffices just to test all
- primes up to the already discussed square root limit:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">143 % 2 == 0 ? No.
-143 % 3 == 0 ? No.
-143 % 5 == 0 ? No.
-143 % 7 == 0 ? No.
-143 % 11 == 0 ? Yes ==> 143 is not prime</programlisting>
-
- <para>The tradeoff is even bigger for higher prime numbers.
- Thus if we store all computed prime numbers without gaps they
- will save us a lot of operations. You may want to reuse your
- unsorted <classname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/integerStoreUnbounded/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/IntegerStore.html">IntegerStore</classname>
- implementation. Implement the above algorithm and compare the
- elapsed execution time.</para>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/Prime/V2</para>
- </annotation>
-
- <para>This time we only need ~18% of the previous time:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">prime numbers found:664578
-Elapsed time:2639</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1ConsoleInput">
- <title>Java console input</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaConsoleInput">
- <title>Reading console input</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Consider the following code example computing the sum of
- an arbitrary number of integer values:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">import java.util.Scanner;
-
-public class Driver {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
-
- final Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
-
- System.out.print("How many values do you want to summ up? ");
- final int numValues = scanner.nextInt();
-
- int sum = 0;
- for (int i = 0; i < numValues; i++) {
- System.out.print("Enter value #" + (i + 1) + " of " + numValues + ": ");
- sum += scanner.nextInt();
- }
- System.out.println("Sum=" + sum);
- scanner.close();
- }
-}</programlisting>
-
- <para>This program:</para>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Asks a user how many integer numbers shall be
- processed. A user may enter e.g. 4 indicating his wish to
- subsequently enter 4 numbers.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Actually read e.g. 4 input numbers and calculate
- their sum.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
-
- <para>The result might look like:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">How many values do you want to summ up? 4
-Enter value #1 of 4: 11
-Enter value #2 of 4: 22
-Enter value #3 of 4: -33
-Enter value #4 of 4: 1
-Sum=1</programlisting>
-
- <para>Modify this program to output not just the desired sum
- but the complete input like in the following
- representation:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">How many values do you want to summ up? 4
-Enter value #1 of 4: 1
-Enter value #2 of 4: 2
-Enter value #3 of 4: 3
-Enter value #4 of 4: -5
-<emphasis role="bold">1+2+3-5 = 1</emphasis></programlisting>
-
- <para>Hints:</para>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Use an integer array to store the user's input
- values</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Mind the input values' signs: While positive or zero
- values are not being represented with a leading
- <quote>+</quote> sign negative values do have a preceding
- <quote>-</quote> sign. With respect to the above example
- you should avoid output representations like
- <quote>1+2+3+-5</quote> for negative input values.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <programlisting language="java">import java.util.Scanner;
-
-public class Driver {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
-
- final Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
-
- System.out.print("How many values do you want to summ up? ");
- final int numValues = scanner.nextInt();
-
- // Allocate an array to store the desired number of integer values
- final int[] inputValues = new int[numValues];
- int sum = 0;
- for (int i = 0; i < numValues; i++) {
- System.out.print("Enter value #" + (i + 1) + " of " + numValues + ": ");
- inputValues[i] = scanner.nextInt();
- sum += inputValues[i];
- }
- // Write user input to console output
- for (int i = 0; i < numValues - 1; i++) {// Omit the last element
- System.out.print(inputValues[i]);
- if (0 <= inputValues[i + 1]) { // Add a '+' sign if the subsequent number is positive or zero
- System.out.print("+");
- }
- }
- // Write the last element to console output
- System.out.println(inputValues[numValues - 1] + " = " + sum);
-
- scanner.close();
- }
-}</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
- </section>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter xml:id="sd1Array3">
- <title>Arrays III (24.11.)</title>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1Array3Exercises">
- <title>Exercises</title>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1Median">
- <title>The median of a given sample.</title>
-
- <para>Read the <link
- xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median">definition of a given
- sample's median</link>.</para>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaMedian">
- <title>Calculating the median</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>We want to extend exercise <xref
- linkend="sd1QandaIntStoreStat"/> by adding a method
- <methodname>int getMedian()</methodname>. For this purpose our
- current implementation lacks ordering of input values.
- Consider the following sample of values:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">2, 7, 0, -3, 4</programlisting>
-
- <para>Obtaining the median requires ordering these
- values:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">-3, 0, 2, 4, 7</programlisting>
-
- <para>Thus the given sample's median is 2. Solve this exercise
- in the following order:</para>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>For testing and other purposes it is convenient to
- provide an additional method returning the array of values
- being added so far:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> /**
- * @return The array of values entered so far
- */
- public int[] getValues() {
- ...
- return ...;
- }</programlisting>
-
- <caution>
- <para>Do not just return your internal array <code>int[]
- values</code>! Due to the amortized doubling
- implementation this will in most cases contain unused
- positions on top of added values.</para>
-
- <para>You may either construct a suitable copy
- containing the current elements yourself or get
- enlightened by reading the <xref linkend="glo_API"/>
- documentation of <link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Arrays.html#copyOfRange-int:A-int-int-">copyOfRange(...)</link>.</para>
- </caution>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Provide some tests to assure your sorting
- implementation works well. You'll implement the actual
- sorting in the next step. Right now testing for correct
- sorting will fail (unless a given set of values had
- already been added in ascending order). A test might look
- like:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">final int[]
- unsortedValues = {0, -1, 5, 2, 7, 6},
- sortedValues = {-1, 0, 2, 5, 6, 7};
-
-IntegerStore store = new IntegerStore();
-
-for (final int i: unsortedValues) {
- store.addValue(i);
-}
-
-// Now check your store for correctly sorted order of elements
-...</programlisting>
-
- <para>Do not forget to consider value sets which include
- duplicates and write tests accordingly!</para>
-
- <para>Hint: The <xref linkend="glo_Junit"/> <xref
- linkend="glo_framework"/> provides a (convenience) method
- <methodname
- xlink:href="http://junit.sourceforge.net/javadoc/org/junit/Assert.html#assertArrayEquals(int[],%20int[])">assertArrayEquals(...)</methodname>.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Modify your<methodname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/integerStoreStat/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/IntegerStore.html#addValue-int-">
- addValue(...)</methodname> method's implementation. Though
- there are more elaborate sorting methods available in Java
- we'll do it the hard way ourselves in this exercise.
- Consider the following example:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">store.addValue(1);
-store.addValue(2);
-store.addValue(7);
-store.addValue(9);
-store.addValue(3);</programlisting>
-
- <para>Prior to inserting a new value our <methodname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/integerStoreStat/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/IntegerStore.html#addValue-int-">addValue(...)</methodname>
- method shall find a suitable position inside the array of
- already added values to insert the new value. When adding
- the last value 3 in the above example the internal array
- already contains the values (1, 2, 7, 9). Traversing this
- array shows that the new value of 3 should be inserted
- between 2 and 7.</para>
-
- <para>Thus a general strategy inserting a new value
- candidate might be:</para>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Find the first index pointing to an existing
- value being larger or equal to the given candidate. In
- the above example this index value is 2 pointing to
- value 7.</para>
-
- <para>If there is no such existing value just add the
- new value at the array's top end like you did before
- when not yet bothering about sorting.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Shift the <quote>right</quote> part of the array
- starting at index 2 in our example one position to the
- right thus creating a free (denoted by
- <quote>F</quote>) insert position:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">Index values | 0| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| ...
------------------+--+--+--+--+-----+ ...
-values oldArray | 1| 2| 7| 9| | |
------------------+--+--+--+--+-----+ ...
-values newArray | 1| 2| F| 7| 9| | ...</programlisting>
-
- <para>You may now insert your latest value 3 at the
- free index position 2 ending up with a well sorted
- array (1, 2, 3, 7, 9).</para>
-
- <para>This example just illustrates a (very simple!)
- sorting algorithm.</para>
-
- <para>Hint: On implementation be very careful with
- respect to <quote>off by one</quote> errors you are
- likely to encounter. The tests you have written
- beforehand will guide you.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Provide a constructor <code>public
- IntegerStore(final int[] values)</code> in a meaningful
- way with respect to median calculations.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Add a dummy implementation <methodname>double
- getMedian()</methodname>{return 0;} to your class
- <classname>IntegerStore</classname> from exercise <xref
- linkend="sd1QandaIntStoreStat"/>.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Provide some tests both for even and uneven sample
- sizes. All of these will probably fail till you complete
- your implementation.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Finally complete the desired <code>double
- getMedian()</code> method's implementation and actually
- test it. There must be at least one element in order to be
- able returning a meaningful result:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> /**
- *<dl>
- <dt><b>Precondition:</b></dt>
- <dd>There must be at least one element.</dd>
- </dl>
- *
- * @return The sample's median.
- */
- public double getMedian() {
- ...
- return ... ;
- }</programlisting>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>With respect to <xref linkend="sd1ConsoleInput"/>
- write a main method asking the user for an arbitrary
- number of values. Then compute both their average and
- median like:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">How big is your sample? 5
-
-Enter value #1 of 5: 1
-Enter value #2 of 5: -2
-Enter value #3 of 5: 1
-Enter value #4 of 5: 5
-Enter value #5 of 5: 2
-
-Your sample's average is: 1.4
-Your sample's median is: 1.0</programlisting>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/Array/integerStoreMedianAnswer</para>
- </annotation>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>The <link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Arrays.html#copyOfRange-int:A-int-int-">copyOfRange(...)</link>
- method in <methodname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/integerStoreMedianAnswer/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/IntegerStore.html#getValues--">getValues()</methodname>
- returns that portion of our <code>int[] values</code>
- array which had actually been filled with data.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Provide some tests to assure your sorting
- implementation works well. You'll implement the actual
- sorting in the next step. Right now testing for correct
- sorting will fail (unless a given set of values had
- already been added in ascending order). A test might look
- like:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">final int[]
- unsortedValues = {0, -1, 5, 2, 7, 6},
- sortedValues = {-1, 0, 2, 5, 6, 7};
-
-IntegerStore store = new IntegerStore();
-
-for (final int i: unsortedValues) {
- store.addValue(i);
-}
-
-// Now check your store for correctly sorted order of elements
-...</programlisting>
-
- <para>Do not forget to consider value sets which include
- duplicates and write tests accordingly!</para>
-
- <para>Hint: The <xref linkend="glo_Junit"/> <xref
- linkend="glo_framework"/> provides a (convenient) method
- <methodname
- xlink:href="http://junit.sourceforge.net/javadoc/org/junit/Assert.html#assertArrayEquals(int[],%20int[])">assertArrayEquals(...)</methodname>.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Modify your<methodname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/integerStoreStat/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/IntegerStore.html#addValue-int-">
- addValue(...)</methodname> method's implementation. Though
- there are more elaborate sorting methods available in Java
- we'll do it the hard way ourselves in this exercise.
- Consider the following example:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">store.addValue(1);
-store.addValue(2);
-store.addValue(7);
-store.addValue(9);
-store.addValue(3);</programlisting>
-
- <para>Prior to inserting a new value our <methodname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/integerStoreStat/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/IntegerStore.html#addValue-int-">addValue(...)</methodname>
- method shall find a suitable position inside the array of
- already added values to insert the new value. When adding
- the last value 3 in the above example the internal array
- already contains the values (1, 2, 7, 9). Traversing this
- array shows that the new value of 3 should be inserted
- between 2 and 7.</para>
-
- <para>Thus a general strategy inserting a new value
- candidate might be:</para>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Find the first index pointing to an existing
- value being larger or equal to the given candidate. In
- the above example this index value is 2 pointing to
- value 7.</para>
-
- <para>If there is no such existing value just add the
- new value at the array's top as you did without
- bothering about sorting.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Shift the <quote>right</quote> part of the array
- starting at index 2 in our example one position to the
- right thus creating a free (denoted by
- <quote>F</quote>) insert position:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">Index values | 0| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| ...
------------------+--+--+--+--+-----+ ...
-values oldArray | 1| 2| 7| 9| | |
------------------+--+--+--+--+-----+ ...
-values newArray | 1| 2| F| 7| 9| | ...</programlisting>
-
- <para>You may now insert your latest value 3 at the
- free index position 2 ending up with a well sorted
- array (1, 2, 3, 7, 9).</para>
-
- <para>This example just illustrates a (very simple!)
- sorting algorithm.</para>
-
- <para>Hint: On implementation be very careful with
- respect to <quote>off by one</quote> errors you are
- likely to encounter. The tests you have written
- beforehand will guide you.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>The constructor <methodname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/integerStoreMedianAnswer/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/IntegerStore.html#IntegerStore-int:A-">public
- IntegerStore(final int[] values)</methodname> internally
- uses our <methodname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/integerStoreMedianAnswer/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/IntegerStore.html#addValue-int-">addValue(...)</methodname>
- method thus adding each array value one by one. Consider
- an alternative naive implementation:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public IntegerStore(final int[] values) {
- this.values = values;
- } </programlisting>
-
- <para>This will fail in most cases since the array
- parameter typically contains unsorted values.</para>
-
- <para>Having this constructor in place also simplifies
- writing tests:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">...
- @Test
- public void testMedian() {
- IntegerStore store = new IntegerStore(new int[] {2, 7, 0, -3, 4});
- assertArrayEquals(new int[] {-3, 0, 2, 4, 7}, store.getValues());
- assertTrue(Math.abs(2. - store.getMedian()) < 1.E-10);
-...</programlisting>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>-</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <programlisting language="java"> @Test
- public void testMedian() {
- IntegerStore store = new IntegerStore(new int[] {2, 7, 0, -3, 4});
- assertArrayEquals(new int[] {-3, 0, 2, 4, 7}, store.getValues());
- assertTrue(Math.abs(2. - store.getMedian()) < 1.E-10);
-
- store.addValue(7);
- assertArrayEquals(new int[] {-3, 0, 2, 4, 7, 7}, store.getValues());
- assertTrue(Math.abs(3. - store.getMedian()) < 1.E-10);
-
- store.addValue(7);
- assertArrayEquals(new int[] {-3, 0, 2, 4, 7, 7, 7}, store.getValues());
- assertTrue(Math.abs(4. - store.getMedian()) < 1.E-50);
-
- store.addValue(6);
- assertArrayEquals(new int[] {-3, 0, 2, 4, 6, 7, 7, 7}, store.getValues());
- assertTrue(Math.abs(5. - store.getMedian()) < 1.E-50);
- }</programlisting>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para><methodname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/integerStoreMedianAnswer/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/IntegerStore.html#getMedian--">double
- getMedian()</methodname></para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para><methodname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/integerStoreMedianAnswer/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/main/Driver.html#main-java.lang.String:A-">main(...)</methodname></para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="plottingFunctions">
- <title>Plotting functions</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="qandaPlottingFunctions">
- <title>A simple character based plotting application</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Implement a class to plot e.g. sin(x) in a terminal like
- e.g.:</para>
-
- <informalfigure>
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="Ref/Screen/sinPlot.png"/>
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </informalfigure>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/plot</para>
- </annotation>
-
- <para>The above solution contains a variant using Java 8
- Lambda expressions which allow to supply functions as
- arguments to the plotting facility. This second solution will
- not be covered in the current lecture but you may catch a
- glimpse of upcoming topics in "Softwareentwicklung 2".</para>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
- </section>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter xml:id="sd1String1">
- <title>String instances (1.12.)</title>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1PrepStrings">
- <title>Preparations</title>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Read the section on <link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/environment/cmdLineArgs.html">command
- line arguments</link> and execute the given examples.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Read the <link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String
- <xref linkend="glo_API"/></link>. Try to understand methods
- concerning:</para>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Comparing strings lexicographically or testing for
- equality? How does this relate to the <methodname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#equals-java.lang.Object-">equals()</methodname>
- method you read about in chapter 6 of <xref
- linkend="bib_Horton2011"/>.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Searching for sub strings in a given string i.e. testing,
- whether e.g. <quote>keeper</quote> is part of
- <quote>goalkeeper</quote>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1StringExercise">
- <title>Exercises</title>
-
- <section xml:id="greenfootConfigureEclipse">
- <title>Developing <xref linkend="glo_Greenfoot"/> applications using
- the <xref linkend="glo_Eclipse"/> <xref linkend="glo_IDE"/>.</title>
-
- <para>Steps being described in this section are optional and only
- required if you like to develop <xref linkend="glo_Greenfoot"/>
- applications using <xref linkend="glo_Eclipse"/>.</para>
-
- <para>When using the <xref linkend="glo_Greenfoot"/> <xref
- linkend="glo_IDE"/> your <xref linkend="glo_Java"/> code uses services
- from the underlying <productname>Greenfoot</productname> <xref
- linkend="glo_framework"/> which in turn uses another framework called
- <xref linkend="glo_BlueJ"/>. If you want to use <xref
- linkend="glo_Eclipse"/> for <xref linkend="glo_Greenfoot"/>
- development based on <xref linkend="glo_Maven"/> you have to define
- <xref linkend="glo_Greenfoot"/> within the project's <xref
- linkend="glo_pom.xml"/> file's dependency section. You must provide
- both dependencies (at least locally on your workstation):</para>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Locally install <xref linkend="glo_BlueJ"/>
- dependencies</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Download <uri
- xlink:href="http://www.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/freedocs/topic/de.hdm_stuttgart.mi.swd1/Ref/api/P/Maven/bluej/eclipse.zip">http://www.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/freedocs/topic/de.hdm_stuttgart.mi.swd1/Ref/api/P/Maven/bluej/eclipse.zip</uri>
- and unzip it to a subfolder <filename>Bluej</filename>. Import
- this Folder as a Maven project into <xref
- linkend="glo_Eclipse"/> and right click on pom.xml choosing
- <guisubmenu>mvn install</guisubmenu>. This will compile the
- sources and install <xref linkend="glo_BlueJ"/> into your local
- <xref linkend="glo_Maven"/> repository below
- <filename>yourHomeDirPath/.m2</filename>.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Locally install <xref linkend="glo_Greenfoot"/>
- dependencies</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Repeat the previous step for <uri
- xlink:href="http://www.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/freedocs/topic/de.hdm_stuttgart.mi.swd1/Ref/api/P/Maven/greenfoot/eclipse.zip">http://www.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/freedocs/topic/de.hdm_stuttgart.mi.swd1/Ref/api/P/Maven/greenfoot/eclipse.zip</uri>
- using a subfolder <filename>Greenfoot</filename>.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Adding <xref linkend="glo_Maven"/> dependency to your
- <productname>Greenfoot</productname> game project</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>You may now create your own <xref
- linkend="glo_Greenfoot"/> Maven <xref linkend="glo_Eclipse"/>
- project by adding the newly created <xref
- linkend="glo_Greenfoot"/> Maven artifact as a project
- dependency:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">...
- <dependencies>
- ...
- <emphasis role="bold"><dependency>
- <groupId>de.hdm-stuttgart.mi</groupId>
- <artifactId>greenfoot</artifactId>
- <version>2.3.0</version>
- </dependency></emphasis>
- </dependencies>...</programlisting>
-
- <para>Due to <xref linkend="glo_Greenfoot"/>'s simplicity and in
- contrast to common <xref linkend="glo_Java"/> <quote>best
- practice</quote> you'll off course have to create all classes
- inside the <quote>default</quote> package ignoring or
- suppressing related compiler warnings.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
-
- <caution>
- <para>Caveat: Windows and Mac users may require further
- configuration described below.</para>
- </caution>
-
- <para>On Windows you'll have to instruct <xref linkend="glo_Eclipse"/>
- to use a <xref linkend="glo_JDK"/> and not just a <xref
- linkend="glo_JRE"/> (being the default). Whenever you install a <xref
- linkend="glo_JDK"/> (like <link
- xlink:href="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jdk8-downloads-2133151.html">JDK
- 1.8.0</link>) on Windows a so called private <xref linkend="glo_JRE"/>
- is being installed as well by default as well:</para>
-
- <informalfigure>
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="Ref/Screen/EclipseConfig/windowsCmdJdkJre.png"/>
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </informalfigure>
-
- <para>The problem: A library tools.jar being required by <xref
- linkend="glo_BlueJ"/> is part of a <xref linkend="glo_JDK"/> but not
- of a <xref linkend="glo_JRE"/>. Different resolutions are being
- subsequently listed in descending order of ugliness (authors
- opinion):</para>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Explicitly defining the <xref linkend="glo_JDK"/> in
- <xref linkend="glo_Eclipse"/></glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Modify <filename>eclipse.ini</filename> in your <xref
- linkend="glo_Eclipse"/> root installation directory pointing to
- a <xref linkend="glo_JDK"/> in favour of the <xref
- linkend="glo_JRE"/> default. The highlighted lines must appear
- <emphasis role="bold">before</emphasis> any
- <option>-vmargs</option> options.</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">...
--showsplash
-org.eclipse.platform
---launcher.XXMaxPermSize
-256m
---launcher.defaultAction
-openFile
---launcher.appendVmargs
-<emphasis role="bold">-vm
-C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_25\bin/javaw
-</emphasis>-vmargs
--Dosgi.requiredJavaVersion=1.6
--Xms40m
--Xmx2048m</programlisting>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Fix <envar>JAVA_HOME</envar></glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Define the environment variable <envar>JAVA_HOME</envar>
- on operating system level pointing to your <xref
- linkend="glo_JDK"/> of choice's root directory:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none"><emphasis role="bold">set JAVA_HOME=C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_25</emphasis></programlisting>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Setting a static path in <xref
- linkend="glo_pom.xml"/></glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Explicitly set the required dependencies fully qualified
- pathname in each <xref linkend="glo_pom.xml"/>:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none"><dependency>
- <groupId>com.sun</groupId>
- <artifactId>tools</artifactId>
- <version>1.8.0</version>
- <scope>system</scope>
- <emphasis role="bold"><systemPath>C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_25\lib\tools.jar</systemPath></emphasis>
- </dependency></programlisting>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
-
- <para>Needless to mention these path settings have to be revised
- accordingly whenever your <xref linkend="glo_JDK"/> receives an update
- to e.g. <xref linkend="glo_JDK"/> 1.8.0_31. The author humbly welcomes
- any advice towards a better solution.</para>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1LifeWorld">
- <title>Creating the Game of life's world</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaLifeWorld">
- <title>Creating the <quote
- xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway's_Game_of_Life">Game
- of Life</quote>'s world</title>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Exporting to your separate
- <productname>Greenfoot</productname> environment</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>As soon as you actually want to run your game copy all
- Java files from your <xref linkend="glo_Eclipse"/> project to
- your <productname>Greenfoot</productname> environment. A
- graphical file manager might assist you or you may simply use
- shell commands (You'll need to do this next term in
- <quote>Operating Systems</quote> anyway) like e.g.:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">goik@goiki:~$ cd ~/workspace/life/src/main/java
-goik@goiki:~/workspace/life/src/main/java$ ls
-Cell.java CellState.java LifeWorld.java
-goik@goiki:~/workspace/life/src/main/java$ cp *.java ~/my-scenarios/Life</programlisting>
-
- <para>Then hit <quote>compile</quote> inside
- <productname>Greenfoot</productname> to refresh and start your
- game</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Create a <productname>Greenfoot</productname> world
- class and a dummy representation for cells representing <link
- xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway's_Game_of_Life">Conway's
- Game of Life</link>:</para>
-
- <screenshot>
- <info>
- <title>World and Actor classes representing Conway's Game
- of Life</title>
- </info>
-
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/gameOfLifeWorld.png"/>
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </screenshot>
-
- <para>The above example shows a grid of 50 * 50 cells each
- having a size of 10 pixel. In preparation for subsequent
- exercises each cell shall have two possible states namely
- <quote>dead</quote> or <quote>alive</quote>. In this exercise
- we only deal with the game's initialization. So transitions
- <quote>dead</quote> --> <quote>alive</quote> or vice versa
- will not occur. But your implementation should already be
- prepared to allow such transitions.</para>
-
- <para>You may follow these steps:</para>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Create a new <productname>Greenfoot</productname>
- world class <classname>LifeWorld</classname> of
- configurable width and height and an actor class
- <classname>Cell</classname>. Choose an arbitrary image
- representing cells. The image is actually irrelevant since
- our application will replace it by filled white or black
- rectangles anyway representing cells being dead or alive.
- So the blue dot in the above screenshot left of
- <quote>Cell</quote> in the <quote>Actor classes</quote>
- pane will never get visualized.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Create your world's horizontal and vertical red
- lines. Hints:</para>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>The method <methodname
- xlink:href="http://www.greenfoot.org/files/javadoc/greenfoot/World.html#getBackground()">getBackground()</methodname>
- allows you to access your world's background
- representation as an instance of class <classname
- xlink:href="http://www.greenfoot.org/files/javadoc/greenfoot/GreenfootImage.html">GreenfootImage</classname>.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>You may add lines to <classname
- xlink:href="http://www.greenfoot.org/files/javadoc/greenfoot/GreenfootImage.html">GreenfootImage</classname>
- instances by calling <methodname
- xlink:href="http://www.greenfoot.org/files/javadoc/greenfoot/GreenfootImage.html#drawLine(int,%20int,%20int,%20int)">drawLine(...)</methodname>
- after choosing a desired color by calling i.e.
- <methodname
- xlink:href="http://www.greenfoot.org/files/javadoc/greenfoot/GreenfootImage.html#setColor(java.awt.Color)">setColor(Color.red)</methodname>.
- You may experiment a little bit by drawing some
- example lines before eventually creating horizontal
- and vertical grid lines using loops.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Use the constructor <classname
- xlink:href="http://www.greenfoot.org/files/javadoc/greenfoot/GreenfootImage.html#GreenfootImage(int,%20int)">GreenfootImage(int
- width, int height)</classname> to create colored
- rectangles representing cells:</para>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>black</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Cell is alive</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>white (=invisible)</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Cell is dead</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
-
- <para>The <methodname
- xlink:href="http://www.greenfoot.org/files/javadoc/greenfoot/Actor.html#setImage(greenfoot.GreenfootImage)">setImage()</methodname>
- method allows defining these images to represent your
- cells thereby replacing the original
- <productname>Greenfoot</productname> definition from class
- <classname>Cell</classname> creation time.</para>
-
- <para>Watch out for appropriate spacing. Your cells should
- not interfere with the grid's red lines. They have to be a
- little smaller to fit in the <quote>empty</quote>
- space.</para>
-
- <para>When creating cells initialize a configurable
- percentage in state alive. In the above screenshot 25% of
- all cells are alive when starting the game. You may use a
- boolean variable to indicate a cell's two possible states
- but a dedicated <classname>Enum CellState</classname> will
- improve your code's readability.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Your world will consist of a two dimensional grid
- containing width * height cells. In the above example we
- have 50 * 50 == 2500 cells. Arrange your cells in a one
- dimensional array of size width * height. Then implement
- the following method linking these cells' index values to
- x- and y-coordinates:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> <emphasis role="bold">/**
- * Turn (x|y) coordinates into linear cell array index
- * values ranging from 0 to (width * height - 1).
- *
- * Consider a simplified example of an array having width = 4 and
- * height = 3:
- *
- * {(0|0) (1|0) (2|0) (3|0)} --> Linear array Index values {0, 1, 2, 3}
- * {(0|1) (1|1) (2|1) (4|1)} --> Linear array Index values {4, 5, 6, 7}
- * {(0|2) (1|2) (2|2) (4|2)} --> Linear array Index values {8, 9, 10, 11}
- *
- * @param x horizontal position in cell coordinates
- * @param y vertical position in cell coordinates
- * @return The linear array index.
- */</emphasis>
- private int getCellIndex(int x, int y) {
- ...
- return ...;
- }</programlisting>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/life/V1</para>
- </annotation>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
- </section>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter xml:id="sd1IdentEqual">
- <title>Object identity and equality (3.12.)</title>
-
- <section xml:id="sec_PrepareOidEquality">
- <title>Preparations</title>
-
- <para>Read all sections of chapter 6 in <xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/>
- till and including <quote>THE UNIVERSAL SUPERCLASS</quote>.</para>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1String2Exercises">
- <title>Exercises</title>
-
- <section xml:id="pitfallsUsingOperatorEquals">
- <title>Pitfalls using operator <quote>==</quote></title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="qandaStringOperatorEquals">
- <title>String instances and equality</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Consider the following fragment:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public static void main(String[] args) {
-
- final String a1 = "TestA", a2 = "TestA";
- System.out.println(" a1 == a2: " + (a1 == a2));
-
- final String b1 = new String("TestB"), b2 = new String("TestB");
- System.out.println("b1 == b2: " + (b1 == b2));
-}</programlisting>
-
- <para>Execute this code and explain the resulting
- output.</para>
-
- <para>Hints: Read the documentation of <link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#identityHashCode-java.lang.Object-">System.identityHashCode(Object
- o)</link> and <link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#hashCode--">Object.hashCode()</link>.</para>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <para>Execution yields:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">a1 == a2: true <co
- linkends="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-1"
- xml:id="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-1-co"/>
-b1 == b2: false <co linkends="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-2"
- xml:id="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-2-co"/></programlisting>
-
- <calloutlist>
- <callout arearefs="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-1-co"
- xml:id="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-1">
- <para>This effectively compares two string literals
- <code>"TestA"</code> and <code>"TestA"</code>. The <xref
- linkend="glo_JDK"/> compiler implementation allocates only
- one instance of class String for all string literals
- having identical content. So all string literals "TestA"
- (even if existing in different classes or packages)
- represent the same object. Thus the two distinct variables
- <code>a1</code> and <code>a2</code> are being assigned an
- identical reference pointing to this unique instance.
- Comparing identical references by the operator == always
- yields true. You might as well write:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">System.out.println(<emphasis
- role="bold">"TestA".equals("TestA")</emphasis>);</programlisting>
-
- <para>The method <link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#identityHashCode-java.lang.Object-">System.identityHashCode(Object
- o)</link> returns <link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#hashCode--">Object.hashCode()</link>
- rather then <link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#hashCode--">String.hashCode()</link>.
- This hash code from <link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html">java.lang.Object</link>
- has a one to one correspondence to an object's reference
- and thus helps to understand the underlying object
- references of our current example:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">System.out.println("Hashcode a1 == " + System.identityHashCode(a1) +
- ", Hashcode a2 == " + System.identityHashCode(a2));</programlisting>
-
- <para>This yields identical values showing that
- <code>a1</code> and <code>a2</code> point to the same
- instance:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">Hashcode a1 == 366712642, Hashcode a2 == 366712642</programlisting>
- </callout>
-
- <callout arearefs="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-2-co"
- xml:id="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-2">
- <para>Every call to a constructor will create a new object
- regardless of internal state. Thus <code>b1</code> and
- <code>b2</code> will hold two distinct references pointing
- to different String instances albeit these two instances
- contain identical values. Following the above reasoning we
- may execute:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">System.out.println("Hashcode b1 == " + System.identityHashCode(b1) +
- ", Hashcode b2 == " + System.identityHashCode(b2));</programlisting>
-
- <para>This yields values corresponding to two different
- object references:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">Hashcode b1 == 1829164700, Hashcode b2 == 2018699554</programlisting>
-
- <para>Comparing these two values for equality via the
- <quote>==</quote> operator thus returns the boolean value
- <code>false</code>.</para>
- </callout>
- </calloutlist>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1GomeOfLifeLogic">
- <title>Implementing <quote>Game of Life</quote> logic</title>
-
- <para>We complete our previous exercise by implementing the rules
- governing cells being born, dying or just continue existing.</para>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaGameOfLifeLogic">
- <title>Implementing <quote>Game of Life</quote> logic.</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Implementing cells being born and dying requires several
- steps. The following sketch outlines one of different ways to
- achieve this goal.</para>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Each cell is in exactly one of two distinct states
- <quote>dead</quote> or <quote>alive</quote>. Though it is
- possible to use a boolean for this purpose a dedicated
- <classname>enum CellState {...}</classname> definition is
- in order here to improve your code's readability.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Read the documentation of the two different
- <methodname>act()</methodname> methods being defined in
- <link
- xlink:href="http://www.greenfoot.org/files/javadoc/greenfoot/World.html#act()">World</link>
- and <link
- xlink:href="http://www.greenfoot.org/files/javadoc/greenfoot/Actor.html#act()">Actor</link>.
- You'll learn about the temporal order in which these are
- being invoked by the <productname>Greenfoot</productname>
- <xref linkend="glo_framework"/>.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>The rules governing life or death in the next step
- have to be applied to each individual cell. Consider two
- isolated neighboring cells A and B both being in live
- state: Both cells do have exactly one living neighbor.
- When A dies in the next step B does no longer have any
- living neighbor.</para>
-
- <para>But it would be wrong to calculate B's following
- state based on this assumption. Thus we need to keep a
- record of A's current state as long as the computation for
- <emphasis role="bold">all</emphasis> cells has been
- finished. This effectively requires keeping track of each
- cell's <quote>current</quote> and <quote>next</quote>
- state. The two different act() methods mentioned earlier
- provide a clue setting these two states
- accordingly.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Each cell needs to have a reference to its neighbors
- for calculation its subsequent state. Since our world is
- limited (in contrast to Conway's assumption) we have to
- deal with cells existing at our world's edges having fewer
- neighbors as well.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/life/V3</para>
- </annotation>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
- </section>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter xml:id="sd1Deploy">
- <title>Application deployment I (8.12.)</title>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1DeployPrepare">
- <title>Preparations</title>
-
- <para>Read <link
- xlink:href="http://www.cs.swarthmore.edu/~newhall/unixhelp/debuggingtips_Java.html">http://www.cs.swarthmore.edu/~newhall/unixhelp/debuggingtips_Java.html</link>
- up to including the <quote>The <code>CLASSPATH</code> environment
- variable and JAR files</quote> section.</para>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sda1DeployExercise">
- <title>Exercises</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaArrayVarious">
- <title>Various integer array algorithms</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>The Maven Java project archive <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/arraycalcExercise/eclipse.zip">eclipse.zip</link>
- contains a series of yet unimplemented methods and corresponding
- tests. The following hints may help you completing the
- implementation</para>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/arraycalcExercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/Arraymethods.html#swap(int[],%20int[])">swap</link></glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>This effectively requires extending the concept of
- swapping just two integer values within a block</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> int a = 3, b = 5;
-
- // Other code ...
-
- {// Swap values of a and b
- final int tmp = a;
- a = b;
- b = tmp;
- } </programlisting>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/arraycalcExercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/Arraymethods.html#isPalindrome(java.lang.String)">isPalindrome</link></glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Consider a two step implementation:</para>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Normalize a given palindrome candidate by
- transforming to lower case and erasing
- non-letters:</para>
-
- <para><code>Hey, Roy! Am I mayor? Yeh!</code> -->
- <code>heyroyamimayoryeh</code></para>
-
- <para>You may search the <xref linkend="glo_API"/> of
- class <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Character.html">Character</classname>
- assisting you to distinguish letters from
- non-letters.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Check the remaining string for being a
- palindrome.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/arraycalcExercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/Arraymethods.html#containsSameElements(int[],%20int[])">containsSameElements</link></glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>You may copy <code>int[] b</code> array to a
- <quote>shadow</quote> array and then subsequently erase
- all elements of <code>int[] a</code> from this copy. The
- method <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/arraycalcExercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/Arraymethods.html#findIndex(int[],%20int)">findIndex</link>
- is quite helpful.</para>
-
- <para>Consider for example <code>int[] bCopy = {1, 3, 4,
- 3, 7}</code> containing 5 elements. Suppose our array
- <code>a</code> contains the value 3 which exists at index
- position 1 in <code>bCopy</code>. We may override the
- value index position 1 by the last array value 7 and
- thereby keeping track of reducing the number of array
- elements to 4 like {1, 7, 4, 3}.</para>
-
- <para>Off course the array <code>bCopy</code> cannot
- shrink. But we may introduce an integer variable to
- account for the effective number of array elements still
- to be considered. If and only if all elements from
- <code>a</code> are subsequently found within
- <code>bCopy</code> the two arrays <code>a</code> and
- <code>b</code> are equal.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/Array/arraycalcSolution</para>
- </annotation>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter xml:id="sd1AppDeploy2">
- <title>Application deployment II (10.12.)</title>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1AppDeploy2Exercise">
- <title>Exercises</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaMedianCmdline">
- <title>A command line version computing a sample's average and
- median</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>This exercise extends <xref linkend="sd1StoreStatistics"/>
- by adding a command line interface. Consider the following
- console execution:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">goik >java -jar statistics-1.0.jar 2 6 7
-Your sample's average is: 5.0
-Your sample's median is: 6.0</programlisting>
-
- <para>The above example executes our Java program in a shell and
- supplies three command line parameters 2, 6 and 7. The program
- then executes and creates the desired statistical data.</para>
-
- <para>The subsequent remarks may assist you creating an
- implementation:</para>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem xml:id="sd1OlMedianCmdLineStep1">
- <para>Using command line values means entering strings
- rather then e.g. integer values: In the current example the
- Java runtime will pass an array of strings <code>{"2", "6",
- "7"}</code> on behalf of the user's input <quote><code>2 6
- 7</code></quote> to your <code>main(String [] args)</code>
- method. These strings must be converted to integer values.
- This may be achieved by means of <methodname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html#parseInt-java.lang.String-">parseInt(String)</methodname>.</para>
-
- <para>Depending on inconsistent user input like
- <quote><code>three</code></quote> instead of
- <quote><code>3</code></quote> you may decide to terminate
- your application thereby providing a meaningful error
- message:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">goik >java -jar statistics-1.0.jar 1 2 three
-Input string 'three' does not represent an integer value</programlisting>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>If the user does not provide any input at all our
- program shall terminate as well:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">goik >java -jar statistics-1.0.jar
-No values provided</programlisting>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Provide an <classname>public enum
- ErrorState</classname> definition representing all three
- possible error states:</para>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><code>OK</code>:</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>No error, all user input strings represent
- integer values.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><code>NO_VALUE</code>:</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Error: No user input at all.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><code>NO_INTEGER</code>:</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Error: At least one input value does not
- represent an integer value.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Implement a class
- <classname>InputValidator</classname> to validate user input
- and thereby converting string values to an integer array of
- equal size:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">/**
- * Validate sample input strings and convert
- * them to integer values.
- */
-public class InputValidator {
-
- /**
- * Integer values being calculated upon
- * constructor call.
- */
- public final int[] values;
-
- /**
- * Transform a series of strings into integer values. In case
- * of invalid input, a corresponding error messsage will be written
- * to System.err and the current application will terminate by calling
- * {@link System#exit(int)}. Example: The array ["-1", "20", "three"]
- * contains two valid elements and the invalid element "three" which
- * cannot be converted to an integer value by virtue of
- * {@link Integer#parseInt(String)}.
- *
- * @param userInput A set of strings possibly representing integer values.
- */
- public InputValidator(final String[] userInput) {...}
-}</programlisting>
-
- <para>You may then create an instance by supplying your
- <code>main(String[] args)</code> command line values:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
-
- final InputValidator userInput = new InputValidator(args);
-...</programlisting>
-
- <para>Choose your implementation with testing in
- mind.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Write at least one test case for all three possible
- error categories and check for correct behaviour of your
- <classname>InputValidator</classname> class.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Use your class <classname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/Array/integerStoreMedianAnswer/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/store/IntegerStore.html">IntegerStore</classname>
- from exercise <xref linkend="sd1StoreStatistics"/> to
- compute the desired output.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Simulating command line arguments in <xref
- linkend="glo_Eclipse"/> requires a run time configuration.
- Click <guimenu>Run</guimenu> <guimenuitem>Run
- Configurations...</guimenuitem>. Choose <quote>Java
- Applications</quote> and "new launch configuration" from the
- panel's left side, choose your project and main class (if
- not already selected).</para>
-
- <screenshot>
- <info>
- <title>Defining an Eclipse runtime configuration</title>
- </info>
-
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/runconfigSelectClass.png"/>
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </screenshot>
-
- <para>Select the <guimenu>Arguments</guimenu> tab. Enter
- your desired command line values, hit
- <guibutton>Apply</guibutton> and subsequently
- <guibutton>Run</guibutton> to launch your
- application.</para>
-
- <screenshot>
- <info>
- <title>Defining an Eclipse runtime configuration</title>
- </info>
-
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/runconfigDefineArgs.png"/>
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </screenshot>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Maven projects allow for creation of executable jar
- archives. This leverages the process being described in
- <link
- xlink:href="http://www.skylit.com/javamethods/faqs/createjar.html">Creating
- an Executable jar File</link>. It avoids messing with
- manifest files and zipping up archives manually.</para>
-
- <para>Among several configuration possibilities you may use
- the <link
- xlink:href="http://maven.apache.org/plugins/maven-jar-plugin">Maven
- JAR Plugin</link> and its <option
- xlink:href="http://maven.apache.org/plugins/maven-jar-plugin/usage.html#How_to_build_a_JAR_file">package</option>
- goal. You have to add this plugin to the <tag
- class="starttag">plugins</tag> section of your
- <filename>pom.xml</filename> file. The plugin in turn
- requires defining the fully qualified name of your entry
- class <coref linkend="sd1CaPomFqnMainEntryClass"/>
- containing the desired <methodname>main(String[]
- args)</methodname> method:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="xml">...
-<properties>
- <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
- <javadocDestdir>~/tmp</javadocDestdir>
-</properties>
-
-<build>
- <plugins>
- <plugin>
- <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
- <artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
- <version>2.4</version>
- <configuration>
- <archive>
- <manifest>
- <addClasspath>true</addClasspath>
-<emphasis role="bold"> <mainClass>de.hdm_stuttgart.mi.sd1.statistics.main.Statistics</mainClass></emphasis> <co
- xml:id="sd1CaPomFqnMainEntryClass"/>
- </manifest>
- </archive>
- </configuration>
- </plugin>
- </plugins>
-</build>
-...</programlisting>
-
- <para>Creating the actual jar archive may be triggered by
- either of:</para>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>From the command line:</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Change to your project root containing your
- <filename>pom.xml</filename> file and execute
- <command>mvn</command>
- <option>package</option>.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>From inside <xref
- linkend="glo_Eclipse"/>:</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Create a maven run time configuration (see
- above) containing your <option>package</option>
- goal:</para>
-
- <screenshot>
- <info>
- <title>Creating a Maven runtime configuration
- corresponding to the <option>package</option>
- goal</title>
- </info>
-
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/runconfigMavenGoalPackage.png"/>
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </screenshot>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
-
- <para>After creating the jar archive you may now run your
- program in a shell as being described in <xref
- linkend="sd1OlMedianCmdLineStep1"/> of this section.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/Array/medianCmdLine</para>
- </annotation>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter xml:id="sd1ReadCharStreams">
- <title>Reading character streams (15.12.)</title>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1ReadCharStreamsPrepare">
- <title>Preparations</title>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Section <quote>Interfaces</quote> of chapter 6 in <xref
- linkend="bib_Horton2011"/>.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Chapter 8 of <xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/> excluding the
- last chapter <quote>The Standard Streams</quote>.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para><link xlink:href="Ref/Svg/exception.svg">Exception
- basics</link>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1GnuWc">
- <title>Exercises</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaLinenumbers">
- <title>Adding line numbers to text files</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>We want to add line numbers to arbitrary text files not
- necessarily being related to programming. Consider the following
- HTML example input:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"><html>
- <head>
- <title>A simple HTML example</title>
- </head>
- <body>
- <p>Some text ... </p>
- </body>
-</html></programlisting>
-
- <para>Your application shall add line numbers:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">1: <html>
-2: <head>
-3: <title>A simple HTML example</title>
-4: </head>
-5: <body>
-6: <p>Some text ... </p>
-7: </body>
-8: </html></programlisting>
-
- <para>Hints:</para>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Given the name of an existing file you may create an
- instance of <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/BufferedReader.html">BufferedReader</classname>:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">final FileReader fileReader = new FileReader(inputFileName);
-final BufferedReader inputBufferedReader = new BufferedReader(fileReader);</programlisting>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>You will have to deal with possible <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/FileNotFoundException.html">FileNotFoundException</classname>
- problems providing meaningful error messages.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>The <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/BufferedReader.html">BufferedReader</classname>
- class provides a method <methodname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/BufferedReader.html#readLine--">readLine()</methodname>
- allowing to access a given file's content line by
- line.</para>
-
- <caution>
- <para>Even if a file exists you have my encounter
- <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/IOException.html">IOException</classname>
- problems being related to <acronym>i.e.</acronym> missing
- permissions.</para>
- </caution>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/Wc/readFile</para>
- </annotation>
-
- <para>This solutions reacts both to inexistent files and general
- IO problems:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">File not found: Testdata/input.java</programlisting>
-
- <para>Two test cases deal both with readable and non-existing
- files: and expected exceptions:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> @Test
- public void testReadFileOk() throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
- ReadFile.openStream("Testdata/input.txt"); // Existing file
- }
- @Test (expected=FileNotFoundException.class) // We expect this exception to be thrown
- public void testReadMissingFile() throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
- ReadFile.openStream("Testdata/input.java"); // Does not exist
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>Notice the second test which will only succeed if a
- <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/FileNotFoundException.html">FileNotFoundException</classname>
- is being thrown.</para>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaWc">
- <title>A partial implementation of GNU UNIX
- <command>wc</command></title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>In this exercise we will partly implement the (Gnu) UNIX
- command line tool <command
- xlink:href="http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/wc-invocation.html">wc</command>
- (word count). Prior to starting this exercise you may want
- to:</para>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Execute <command
- xlink:href="http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/wc-invocation.html">wc</command>
- for sample text files like e.g. a Java source file of
- similar:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="bourne">goik >wc BoundedIntegerStore.java
- 58 198 1341 BoundedIntegerStore.java
-</programlisting>
-
- <para>What do these three numbers 58, 198 and 1341 mean?
- Execute <command>wc</command> <option>--help</option> or
- <command>man</command> <option>wc</option> or read the <link
- xlink:href="http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/wc-invocation.html">HTML
- documentation</link>.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para><command>wc</command> may process several file in
- parallel thereby producing an extra line <coref
- linkend="sd1PlWcExtraLine"/> summing up all values:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="bourne">goik >wc bibliography.xml swd1.xml
- 69 83 2087 bibliography.xml
- 6809 18252 248894 swd1.xml
- <emphasis role="bold">6878 18335 250981 total</emphasis> <co
- xml:id="sd1PlWcExtraLine"/>
-</programlisting>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para><command>wc</command> can be used in <link
- xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_(Unix)">pipes</link>
- () like:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="bourne">goik >grep int BoundedIntegerStore.java | wc
- 12 76 516</programlisting>
-
- <para>The above output <quote>12 76 516</quote> tells us
- that our file <filename>BoundedIntegerStore.java</filename>
- does have 12 lines containing the string
- <quote>int</quote>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
-
- <para>A partial implementation shall offer all features being
- mentioned in the introduction. The following steps are a
- proposal for your implementation:</para>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Write a method counting the number of words within a
- given string. We assume words to be separated by at least
- one white space character (<code>space</code> or
- <code>\t</code>). Write some tests to assure correct
- behaviour.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Read input either from a list of files or from
- standard input depending on the number of arguments to
- main(String[] args):</para>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>If <code>args.length == 0</code> assume to read
- from standard input.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>if <code>0 < args.length</code> try to
- interpret the arguments as filenames.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Write a class <code>TextFileStatistics</code> being
- able to and count characters, words and lines of a single
- input file. Instances of this class may be initialized from
- a <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/BufferedReader.html">BufferedReader</classname>.</para>
-
- <para>Write corresponding tests.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>You may create an instance of <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/BufferedReader.html">BufferedReader</classname>
- from <link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#in">System.in</link>
- via:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in))</programlisting>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Create an executable Jar archive and execute some
- examples. The UNIX command <command
- xlink:href="http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/html_node/cat-invocation.html#cat-invocation">cat</command>
- writes a file's content to standard output. This output may
- be piped as input to your application as in <code>cat
- filename.txt | java -jar .../wc-1.0.jar</code>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/Wc/wc</para>
- </annotation>
-
- <para>Executing <command>mvn</command> <option>package</option>
- creates an executable Jar file
- <filename>../target/wc-1.0.jar</filename>. We test both ways of
- operation:</para>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Reading from standard input</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <programlisting language="bourne">goik >cat Testdata/input.html | java -jar target/wc-1.0.jar
- 9 14 137</programlisting>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Passing file names as parameters</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <programlisting language="bourne">goik >java -jar target/wc-1.0.jar Testdata/*
- 9 14 137 Testdata/input.html
- 4 5 41 Testdata/model.css
- 13 19 178 total</programlisting>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
-
- <para><xref linkend="glo_Junit"/> tests of internal
- functionality:</para>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Counting words in a given string:</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <programlisting language="java"> @Test
- public void testNoWord() {
- Assert.assertEquals("Just white space", 0, TextFileStatistics.findNoOfWords(" \t"));
- }
-
- @Test
- public void testSingleWord() {
- final String s = "We're";
- Assert.assertEquals("text='" + s + "'", 1, TextFileStatistics.findNoOfWords(s));
- }
-
- @Test
- public void testTwoWords() {
- final String s = "We are";
- Assert.assertEquals("text='" + s + "'", 2, TextFileStatistics.findNoOfWords(s));
- }
-
- @Test
- public void testWordsWhiteHead() {
- final String s = "\t \tBegin_space";
- Assert.assertEquals("text='" + s + "'", 1, TextFileStatistics.findNoOfWords(s));
- }
-
- @Test
- public void testWordsWhiteTail() {
- final String s = "End_space \t ";
- Assert.assertEquals("text='" + s + "'", 1, TextFileStatistics.findNoOfWords(s));
- }
-
- @Test
- public void testWhiteMulti() {
- final String s = " some\t\tinterspersed \t spaces \t\t ";
- Assert.assertEquals("text='" + s + "'", 3, TextFileStatistics.findNoOfWords(s));
- }</programlisting>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Analyzing test file data:</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <programlisting language="java"> @Test
- public void testTwoInputFiles() throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
-
- final String model_css_filename = "Testdata/model.css", // 4 lines 5 words 41 character
- input_html_filename = "Testdata/input.html"; // 9 lines 14 words 137 character
- //_________________________________________
- // total 13 lines 19 words 178 character
-
- final TextFileStatistics
- model_css = new TextFileStatistics(
- new BufferedReader(new FileReader(model_css_filename)), model_css_filename),
-
- input_html = new TextFileStatistics(new BufferedReader(
- new FileReader(input_html_filename)), input_html_filename);
-
- // File Testdata/model.css
- Assert.assertEquals( 4, model_css.numLines);
- Assert.assertEquals( 5, model_css.numWords);
- Assert.assertEquals(41, model_css.numCharacters);
-
- // File Testdata/input.html
- Assert.assertEquals( 9, input_html.numLines);
- Assert.assertEquals( 14, input_html.numWords);
- Assert.assertEquals(137, input_html.numCharacters);
-
- // Grand total
- Assert.assertEquals( 13, TextFileStatistics.getTotalNumLines());
- Assert.assertEquals( 19, TextFileStatistics.getTotalNumWords());
- Assert.assertEquals(178, TextFileStatistics.getTotalNumCharacters());
- }</programlisting>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter xml:id="sd1Collection1">
- <title>Collections I</title>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1CollectionsPrep">
- <title>Preparations</title>
-
- <para>Chapter 14 of <xref linkend="bib_Horton2011"/> provides an in
- depth discussion of Java collections. Regarding the upcoming exercises
- you may however prefer to study the following track:</para>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Introduction</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para
- xlink:href="http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-collections/collection.html"><link
- xlink:href="http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-collections/collection.html">Java
- Collections - Collection</link></para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><classname>List</classname></glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para
- xlink:href="http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-collections/list.html"><link
- xlink:href="http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-collections/list.html">Java
- Collections - List</link></para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><classname>Set</classname></glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para
- xlink:href="http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-collections/set.html"><link
- xlink:href="http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-collections/set.html">Java
- Collections - Set</link></para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><methodname>hashCode()</methodname> and
- <methodname>equals()</methodname></glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para
- xlink:href="http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-collections/hashcode-equals.html"><link
- xlink:href="http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-collections/hashcode-equals.html">Java
- Collections - hashCode() and equals()</link></para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para><link xlink:href="Ref/Svg/hashing.svg">Hashing overview
- slides</link>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1Collection1exercise">
- <title>Exercises</title>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1Collection2exerciseSetString">
- <title>A <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Set.html">Set</classname>
- of Strings</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaSetString">
- <title>Inserting strings into a <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Set.html">Set</classname>.</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Create a <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Set.html">Set</classname>
- of String instances including duplicates. Iterate over this
- set and write each value to <code>System.out</code>:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
-
- final Set<String> names = new HashSet<String>();
- names.add(...
- ...
- // Iterate over all inserted coordinates
- for (...
- }</programlisting>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <para>Inserting some string literals is a trivial task. A
- for-each loop allows iterating over the set to write its
- content to standard output:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
-
- final Set<String> names = new HashSet<String>();
-
- names.add("Eve");
- names.add("Jim");
- names.add("Tom");
- names.add("Jim");
-
- // Iterate over all inserted coordinates
- System.out.println("The set contains " + names.size() + " elements:");
- for (final String s : names) {
- System.out.println(s);
- }
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>Notice the duplicate name <code>"Jim"</code>: Since our
- collection does have set semantics it only contains three
- elements {"Eve", "Jim", "Tom"}:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">The set contains 3 elements:
-Tom
-Jim
-Eve</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1CollectionExerciseListString">
- <title>A <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/List.html">List</classname>
- of Strings</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaListString">
- <title>Inserting strings into a <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/List.html">List</classname>.</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Create a <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/List.html">List</classname>
- of String instances including duplicates. Iterate over this
- list and write each value to <code>System.out</code>:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
-
- final List<String> names = ...;
-
- names.add(...
- ...
-
- // Iterate over all inserted strings
- System.out.println("The list contains " + names.size() + " elements:");
- for (final String s : names) {
- System.out.println(s);
- }
- }</programlisting>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <para>Our code closely resembles <xref
- linkend="sd1QandaSetString"/>:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
-
- final List<String> names = new Vector<String>();
-
- names.add("Eve");
- names.add("Jim");
- names.add("Tom");
- names.add("Jim");
-
- // Iterate over all inserted strings
- System.out.println("The list contains " + names.size() + " elements:");
- for (final String s : names) {
- System.out.println(s);
- }
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>This time the duplicate actually shows up:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">The list contains 4 elements:
-Eve
-Jim
-Tom
-Jim</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1CollectionDefCoordinate">
- <title>Defining a <classname>Coordinate</classname> class</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaCoordinate">
- <title>Representing integer coordinate values</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Implement a class <classname>Coordinate</classname> to
- represent integer Cartesian coordinate values:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class Coordinate {
-
- private int x, y;
- ...
-}</programlisting>
-
- <para>Provide an appropriate constructor and override both
- <methodname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#toString--">toString()</methodname>
- and <methodname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#equals-java.lang.Object-">equals()</methodname>
- to allow execution of:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> // Defining and testing integer coordinates
- final Coordinate
- c12 = new Coordinate(1, 2),
- c52 = new Coordinate(5, 0),
- c12Duplicate = new Coordinate(1, 2);
-
-
- System.out.println("c12:"+ c12);
- System.out.println("c12.equals(c52):"+ c12.equals(c52));
- System.out.println("c12.equals(c12Duplicate):"+ c12.equals(c12Duplicate));
- System.out.println("c12.equals(\"dummy\"):"+ c12.equals("dummy"));
-
- System.out.println(c12);</programlisting>
-
- <para>This should yield the expected output:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">c12:(1|2)
-c12.equals(c52):false
-c12.equals(c12Duplicate):true
-c12.equals("dummy"):false
-(1|2)</programlisting>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <para>Overriding <methodname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#toString--">toString()</methodname>
- and <methodname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#equals-java.lang.Object-">equals()</methodname>
- and adding a non-default constructor is a straightforward
- exercise:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class Coordinate {
-
- private int x, y;
-
- /**
- * Create a Cartesian coordinate / point.
- * @param x
- * @param y
- */
- public Coordinate(int x, int y) {
- this.x = x;
- this.y = y;
- }
-
- @Override
- public boolean equals(Object obj) {
- if (obj instanceof Coordinate) {
- return x == ((Coordinate)obj).x &&
- y == ((Coordinate)obj).y;
- } else {
- return false;
- }
- }
-
- @Override
- public String toString() {
- return "(" + x + "|" + y + ")";
- }
-}</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1SetCoordinate">
- <title>A <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Set.html">Set</classname>
- of Coordinate instances</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaSetCoordinate">
- <title>Inserting <link
- linkend="sd1CollectionDefCoordinate"><classname>Coordinate</classname></link>
- instances into a <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Set.html">Set</classname>.</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Create a <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Set.html">Set</classname>
- of <link
- linkend="sd1CollectionDefCoordinate"><classname>Coordinate</classname></link>
- instances including duplicates. Iterate over this set and
- write each value to <code>System.out</code> in a similar
- fashion to <xref linkend="sd1QandaSetString"/>. Compare your
- output to the corresponding example <xref
- linkend="sd1QandaSetString"/>.</para>
-
- <para>Did you expect this behaviour? Explain this result and a
- solution.</para>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <para>Our code is very similar to <xref
- linkend="sd1QandaSetString"/>:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> final Set<Coordinate> points = new HashSet<Coordinate>();
-
- points.add(new Coordinate(1, 2));
- points.add(new Coordinate(4, 1));
- points.add(new Coordinate(1, 2)); // Equal to first Object
-
- // Iterate over all inserted coordinates
- System.out.println("The set contains " + points.size() + " elements:");
- for (final Coordinate c : points) {
- System.out.println(c.toString());
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>Since we do have set semantics we expect the duplicate
- coordinate value <code>(1|2)</code> to be dropped and thus to
- appear only once. So our set should contain <code>{(4|1),
- (1|2)}</code>. We however see the duplicate object appearing
- on standard output:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">The set contains 3 elements:
-(4|1)
-(1|2)
-(1|2)</programlisting>
-
- <para>This is due to our own fault not providing a <methodname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#hashCode--">hashCode()</methodname>
- implementation being compatible to our overridden <methodname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#equals-java.lang.Object-">equals()</methodname>
- method. Consider:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> final Coordinate
- c12 = new Coordinate(1, 2),
- c12Duplicate = new Coordinate(1, 2);
-
- System.out.println("c12.hashCode() and c12Duplicate.hashCode():"+ c12.hashCode() + "," + c12Duplicate.hashCode());</programlisting>
-
- <para>This yields the following output:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">c12.hashCode() and c12Duplicate.hashCode():1334574952,1882008996</programlisting>
-
- <para>Apparently the two instances c12 and c12Duplicate are
- equal to each other. Their hash codes however are different
- clearly violating the contract being described in <link
- xlink:href="http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-collections/hashcode-equals.html">Java
- Collections - hashCode() and equals()</link>. The values
- actually stem from <methodname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#hashCode--">hashCode()</methodname>
- being defined in our superclass <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html">Object</classname>.</para>
-
- <para>The former exercise <xref linkend="sd1QandaSetString"/>
- involved instances of class String having well defined
- <methodname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#equals-java.lang.Object-">equals()</methodname>
- and <methodname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#hashCode--">hashCode()</methodname>
- implementations. To resolve this issue we thus have to
- override not just <methodname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#equals-java.lang.Object-">equals()</methodname>
- but <methodname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#hashCode--">hashCode()</methodname>
- as well:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class Coordinate {
-
- private int x, y;
- ...
-
- @Override
- public int hashCode() {
- // See last answer (06/16/2014) in
- // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/16629893/good-hashcode-implementation
- return Long.valueOf(x * 31 + y).hashCode();
- }
-}</programlisting>
-
- <para>This yields:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">c12.hashCode() and c12Duplicate.hashCode():33,33</programlisting>
-
- <para>And finally:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">The set contains 2 elements:
-(1|2)
-(4|1)</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
- </section>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter xml:id="sd1Collect2">
- <title>Collections II</title>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1Collection2exercise">
- <title>Exercises</title>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1CollectionExerciseWordSearch">
- <title>Getting a <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Set.html">Set</classname>
- of strings from a text file</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaWordSearch">
- <title>Getting a text's set of words.</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Consider a text file <filename>foo.txt</filename>
- containing:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">A simple collection of words.
- Some words may appear multiple times.</programlisting>
-
- <para>We would like to retrieve a comma separated list of all
- words being contained within excluding duplicates.</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">of, multiple, collection, simple, words, may, Some, times, A, appear</programlisting>
-
- <para>The subsequent rules shall apply:</para>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Arbitrary combinations of white space and the
- characters <emphasis
- role="bold"><code>.,:;?!"</code></emphasis> shall be
- treated as word delimiters and are otherwise to be
- ignored.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>The order of appearance in the generated result does
- not matter.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Duplicates like <quote>words</quote> in the current
- example shall show up only once on output.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
-
- <para>Hints:</para>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Your application shall read its input from a given
- file name provided as a command line argument. Provide
- appropriate error messages if:</para>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>The users enters either no arguments at all or
- more than one command line argument.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>The file in question cannot be read.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
-
- <para>You may reconsider <xref linkend="sd1GnuWc"/>
- regarding file read access.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Splitting input text lines at word delimiters
- <emphasis role="bold"><code>.,:;?!"</code></emphasis> or
- white space characters may be achieved by means of
- <methodname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#split-java.lang.String-">split(...)</methodname>
- and the regular expression <code>String regex = "[
- \t\"!?.,'´`:;]+"</code>;. This <quote>+</quote> sign
- indicates the appearance of a succession of one ore more
- character element from the set <emphasis
- role="bold"><code> \t\"!?.,'´`:;</code></emphasis>.</para>
-
- <para>Thus a text <emphasis role="bold"><code>That's it.
- Next try</code></emphasis> will be split into a string
- array <code>{"That", "s", "it", "Next",
- "try"}</code>.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Write a <xref linkend="glo_Junit"/> test which reads
- from a given input file and compares its result with a
- hard coded set of expected strings.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/Wordlist/Solution</para>
- </annotation>
-
- <para>The input file smalltest.txt may be used to define a
- <xref linkend="glo_Junit"/> test:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> @Test
- public void testWordSet() throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
-
- final Set<String> expectedStrings =
- new HashSet <String>(Arrays.asList(new String[]{
- "A", "simple", "collection", "of", "words",
- "Some", "may", "appear", "multiple", "times"
- }));
-
- final TextFileHandler tfh = new TextFileHandler("smalltest.txt");
- Assert.assertTrue(tfh.getWords().equals(expectedStrings));
- }</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1CollectionExerciseWordSearchOrder">
- <title>Result string ordering</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaWordSearchOrdered">
- <title>A text's set of words in alphabetic order</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Copy the previous project to a second one and modify
- your code to get the same set of words but in alphabetic order
- with respect to capital and small letters:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">A, Some, appear, collection, may, multiple, of, simple, times, words </programlisting>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <para>The desired result is easy to achieve by exchanging our
- <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Set.html">Set</classname>
- by a <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/SortedSet.html">SortedSet</classname>:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> /**
- * The set of words found so far.
- */
- final SortedSet<String> words = new TreeSet<String>();</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1StringLengthSort">
- <title>Sorting strings in an unusual way</title>
-
- <para>This exercise intends to provide some knowledge on sorting being
- needed in subsequent exercises.</para>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaStringLengthSort">
- <title>Implementing unusual string sorting.</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Strings will often be sorted alphabetically:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">ant
-apple
-by
-eye
-it
-printer
-van
-x-ray</programlisting>
-
- <para>In this exercise we want to sort strings by length and
- then alphabetically:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">by
-it
-ant
-eye
-van
-apple
-x-ray
-printer</programlisting>
-
- <para>Hints:</para>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para><link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Collections.html#sort-java.util.List-java.util.Comparator-">Collections.sort(</link>List<String>,
- <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Comparator.html">Comparator</classname>
- c) is your friend.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Defining a <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Comparator.html">Comparator</classname>
- class acting on strings works like:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">/**
- * Compare strings first by their length. If two strings do have
- * common length, sort them alphabetically.
- *
- */
-public class LengthCompare implements Comparator<String> {
- @Override
- public int compare(String s1, String s2) {
- ...
- return ...;
-}</programlisting>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Write a <xref linkend="glo_Junit"/> test to assure
- correct sorting of strings.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/StringLengthSort/Solution</para>
- </annotation>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1CollectionWordFrequencies">
- <title>Result string ordering</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaWordFrequencies">
- <title>Words and corresponding frequencies</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>So far we've extracted the set of words a given text
- consists of. In addition we'd like to see their corresponding
- frequencies of appearance as well. This frequency value shall
- be used as primary sorting criterion with respect to report
- output. Consider the following example text:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">One day, Einstein, Newton, and Pascal meet up
-and decide to play a game of hide and seek.
-Einstein volunteered to be "It". As Einstein
-counted, eyes closed, to 100, Pascal ran away
-and hid, but Newton stood right in front of
-Einstein and drew a one meter by one meter
-square on the floor around himself. When
-Einstein opened his eyes, he immediately saw
-Newton and said "I found you Newton", but Newton
-replied, "No, you found one Newton per square meter.
-You found Pascal!"</programlisting>
-
- <para>Ignoring special characters the following result shall
- be created:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none"> 6: Newton
- 6: and
- 5: Einstein
- 3: Pascal
- 3: found
- 3: meter
- 3: one
- 3: to
- 2: a
-...</programlisting>
-
- <para>The first line tells us that the word
- <quote>Newton</quote> appears six times in the analyzed
- document.</para>
-
- <para>Hints:<orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Define a class
- <classname>WordFrequency</classname> containing a
- <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname>
- attribute among with an integer number representing its
- frequency of appearance:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">/**
- * A helper class to account for frequencies of words found in textual input.
- *
- */
-public class WordFrequency {
- /**
- * The frequency of this word will be counted.
- */
- public final String word;
- private int frequency;
- ...
-}</programlisting>
-
- <para>Two instances of
- <classname>WordFrequency</classname> shall be equal if
- and only if their <quote>word</quote> attribute values
- are equal regardless of their frequency values. In
- slightly other words: With respect to equality instances
- of <classname>WordFrequency</classname> inherit equality
- solely from their contained word values irrespective of
- any frequency value.</para>
-
- <para>Override <methodname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#equals-java.lang.Object-">equals(...)</methodname>
- and <methodname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#hashCode--">hashValue()</methodname>
- accordingly.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Create a List<WordFrequency> (Not a
- Set<WordFrequency>!) holding words being found in
- your input texts among with their frequencies of
- appearance.</para>
-
- <para>Whenever the next input word is being processed
- follow the subsequent procedure:</para>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Create a corresponding instance of
- <classname>WordFrequency</classname> from it having
- initial frequency 1.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Test whether an instance being equal has
- already been added to your
- <code>List<WordFrequency></code> instance
- leaving you with two choices:</para>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>The current word already
- exists:</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Lookup the entry and increment its frequency
- by one.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>The current word is new:</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Add the previously created
- <classname>WordFrequency</classname> instance to
- your <code>List<WordFrequency></code>.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>After processing the input text file sort your
- <code>List<WordFrequency></code> by a suitable
- <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Comparator.html">Comparator<WordFrequency></classname>
- instance by means of <methodname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Collections.html#sort-java.util.List-java.util.Comparator-">Collections.sort(...)</methodname>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist></para>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/WordFrequency1/Solution</para>
- </annotation>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
- </section>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter xml:id="sd1Collection3">
- <title>Collections III</title>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1Collection3Exercise">
- <title>Exercises</title>
-
- <figure xml:id="sd1FigureAccoutInheritHierarchy">
- <title>Account hierarchy</title>
-
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/account.fig"/>
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </figure>
-
- <figure xml:id="sda1FigurePersonInheritHierarchy">
- <title>Students and lecturers</title>
-
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/person.fig"/>
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </figure>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaAddressHtmlFormat">
- <title>Formatting an address list</title>
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1TidyCrabImages">
+ <title>Tidy up image handling</title>
<qandadiv>
<qandaentry>
<question>
- <para>We want to transform address data to different destination
- formats. Consider the following text file data source:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">"firstName","lastName","companyName","address","city", ...
-"Aleshia","Tomkiewicz","Alan D Rosenburg Cpa Pc","14 Tay ...
-...</programlisting>
-
- <para>This excerpt exists as file named
- <filename>addresses.txt</filename> in the following Maven
- project:</para>
-
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Exercise</para>
- </annotation>
-
- <para>Import the above project into <xref
- linkend="glo_Eclipse"/>. Executing
- <classname>de.hdm_stuttgart.mi.sd1.htmlformat.Address2text</classname>
- yields the following output:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">"firstName","lastName","companyName","address","city", ...
-List of addresses:
-++++++++++++++++++++++
-Name:Tim Dummy
-Company:Dummy Company
-Address:Dummy street, DummyCity, DummyPostal
-Phone:1234567, 7654321
-E-Mail:@dummy@dummy.com
---------------------
-
-...
-
---------------------
-End of records</programlisting>
-
- <para>This result neither uses the input data supplied by
- <filename>addresses.txt</filename> nor does it produce HTML
- output yet. You have to complete the implementation by following
- the subsequent steps:</para>
-
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Try to understand the current project. Its classes
- have the following general purposes:</para>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><classname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Exercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/htmlformat/Address.html">Address</classname></glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Holding components like first name, last name,
- telephone numbers, email and so on of an individual
- address.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><classname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Exercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/htmlformat/Address2text.html">Address2text</classname></glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>The main application. This class assembles other
- classes, opens the address data source and starts the
- formatting process.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><classname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Exercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/htmlformat/Address2textFormatter.html">Address2textFormatter</classname></glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>This class formats individual address
- records.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><classname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Exercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/htmlformat/AddressDataHandler.html">AddressDataHandler</classname></glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Opening the data source and creating a Java in
- memory representation of the whole set. This is
- necessary since the output sorting order may be
- altered.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><classname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Exercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/htmlformat/AddressFormatter.html">AddressFormatter</classname></glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>This interface specifies three methods being
- called during output formatting.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><classname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Exercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/htmlformat/AddressParseError.html">AddressParseError</classname></glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Instances of this exception will be thrown
- whenever the input file contains errors. Consider the
- following example:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">"Laquita","Hisaw,"In Communications Inc","20 Gloucester Pl #96",</programlisting>
-
- <para>In this example we have no quote after
- <code>Hisaw</code>. This should yield a parsing
- error.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
- </listitem>
+ <para>The source ode of our little crab version 5 scenario
+ (<filename>book-scenarios/chapter02-04/little-crab-5)</filename>
+ contains:</para>
- <listitem>
- <para>The constructor <link
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Exercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/htmlformat/Address.html#Address(java.lang.String,%20int)">Address(...)</link>
- does not yet parse address records but creates constant
- dummy data instead. Use the parameter <code>csvRecord</code>
- to actually initialize the desired address fields
- <code>firstName</code>, <code>lastName</code>, ...,
- <code>web</code>. Hint: You may use the <link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#split-java.lang.String-">split(...)</link>
- method:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">... = s.split("\",\"");</programlisting>
-
- <para>This splits an input record into its address
- components. The first component will however start with a
- quotation mark like <code>"Aleshia</code> and the last
- component will have a trailing <code>"</code> like in
- <code>http://www.lbt.co.uk"</code>. You may use the
- substring(...) method to get rid of them.</para>
- </listitem>
+ <programlisting language="java">public class Crab extends Animal {
- <listitem>
- <para>You must exclude the header line (= first line of
- addresses.txt) of your data source from result
- generation:</para>
+ private GreenfootImage <emphasis role="bold">image1</emphasis>;
+ private GreenfootImage <emphasis role="bold">image2</emphasis>;
+ ...
+ public Crab() {
+ <emphasis role="bold">image1</emphasis> = new GreenfootImage("crab.png");
+ <emphasis role="bold">image2</emphasis> = new GreenfootImage("crab2.png");
+ setImage(image1);
+ wormsEaten = 0;
+ }</programlisting>
- <programlisting language="none">"firstName","lastName","companyName","address","city","county","postal","phone1","phone2","email","web"</programlisting>
- </listitem>
+ <para>Imagine we'd like to extend the crab game doing a
+ simulation requiring thousands of crabs. Why is the above code
+ badly written with respect to performance? Do you have an idea
+ how to correct this issue?</para>
- <listitem>
- <para>Think of all syntax rules of your input data source
- addresses.txt and throw <classname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Exercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/htmlformat/AddressParseError.html">AddressParseError</classname>
- appropriate exceptions. Write test cases checking for
- correct parsing error detection in input files.</para>
- </listitem>
+ <para>Hint: Think whether each crab really needs two <emphasis
+ role="bold">individual</emphasis> images.</para>
+ </question>
- <listitem>
- <para>The current project produces text output. In order to
- generate HTML you have to replace <classname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Exercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/htmlformat/Address2textFormatter.html">Address2textFormatter</classname>
- by a new class <classname>Address2htmlFormatter</classname>
- which implements the interface <classname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Exercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/htmlformat/AddressFormatter.html">AddressFormatter</classname>
- as well.</para>
-
- <para>You may then exchange your formatter in
- <classname>Address2text</classname>.<methodname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Exercise/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/htmlformat/Address2text.html#main(java.lang.String[])">main()</methodname>:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">final AddressFormatter htmlFormatter = new Address2htmlFormatter();</programlisting>
- </listitem>
+ <answer>
+ <para>If we had 1000 crabs the code in question would allocate
+ 2000 images in memory. But actually only two of these 2000
+ images are mutually different from each other. So allocating the
+ remaining 1998 is a wast of memory.</para>
- <listitem>
- <para>Address fields may contain the characters
- <code><</code>, <code>></code> and <code>&</code>.
- These will interfere with generated HTML markup. There are
- two possible solutions:</para>
-
- <glosslist>
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm><acronym>CDATA</acronym> sections
- (preferred):</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <para>Wrap your output in <code><![CDATA[ ...
- ]]></code> sections if required. Strictly speaking
- this is only specified for XHTML variants but most
- browsers will accept it anyway.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
-
- <glossentry>
- <glossterm>Using HTML replacement entities</glossterm>
-
- <glossdef>
- <informaltable border="1" width="10%">
- <tr>
- <td><code>&</code></td>
-
- <td><code>&amp;</code></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td><code><</code></td>
-
- <td><code>&lt;</code></td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td><code>></code></td>
-
- <td><code>&gt;</code></td>
- </tr>
- </informaltable>
-
- <para>This requires textually replacing special
- characters by the above entities e.g. by means of
- <classname>String</classname>.<methodname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#replace-java.lang.CharSequence-java.lang.CharSequence-">replace(...)</methodname>.</para>
- </glossdef>
- </glossentry>
- </glosslist>
- </listitem>
+ <para>It is sufficient to create only these two images since
+ each crab will just toggle between them. This should happen on
+ class level rater than on instance level:</para>
- <listitem>
- <para>Since you do generate HTML output renaming your class
- <classname>Address2text</classname> to
- <classname>Address2html</classname> is a good idea. Your
- output might look like:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none"><html xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
- <head>
- <title>Address list:</title>
- </head>
- <body>
- <h1>Address list:</h1>
- <table border='1'>
- <colgroup style='width: 20%'/>
- <colgroup style='width: 30%'/>
- <colgroup style='width: 25%'/>
- <colgroup style='width: 25%'/>
- <tr>
- <th>Name</th>
- <th>Address</th>
- <th>Phone</th>
- <th>E-Mail</th>
- </tr>
- ...
- <tr>
- <td>Graham <b>Stanwick</b></td>
- <td><emphasis role="bold"><![CDATA[73 Hawkstone St, Renfrew South & Gallowhill War]]></emphasis>, <b>G52 4YG</b></td>
- <td>01860-191930</td>
- <td>gstanwick@gmail.com</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- ...
-
- </tr>
- </table>
- </body>
-</html></programlisting>
-
- <para>As you can see <acronym>CDATA</acronym> sections are
- only used if embedded data does contain <, > or &
- characters.</para>
- </listitem>
+ <programlisting language="java">public class Crab extends Animal {
- <listitem>
- <para>You may direct your generated HTML output to a file
- rather than to the standard output <link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#out">System.out</link>.
- This can be achieved by opening an output <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/PrintStream.html">PrintStream</classname>
- related to a file by means of the <methodname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/PrintStream.html#PrintStream-java.lang.String-">PrintStream</methodname>
- output filename constructor. Your resulting output may
- transform the file <filename>addresses.txt</filename> into
- <filename>addresses.txt.xhtml</filename>. The latter should
- be rendered like:</para>
-
- <informalfigure>
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/addressHtml.png"/>
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </informalfigure>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </question>
+ private final static GreenfootImage image1 = new GreenfootImage("crab.png");
+ private GreenfootImage image2 = new GreenfootImage("crab2.png");
+ public Crab() {
+ setImage(image1);
+ wormsEaten = 0;
+ } ...</programlisting>
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/HtmlFormatting/Simple/Solution</para>
- </annotation>
+ <para>The remaining code may remain unchanged</para>
</answer>
</qandaentry>
</qandadiv>
</qandaset>
- </section>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter xml:id="sd1Collection4">
- <title>Collections IV</title>
-
- <section xml:id="sd1Collection4Exercise">
- <title>Exercises</title>
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaImplementStringSet">
- <title>Implementing a set of strings</title>
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaInitCrabWorld">
+ <title>Initializing our crab's world.</title>
<qandadiv>
<qandaentry>
<question>
- <para>We want to partly implement a simplified version of
- <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Set.html">Set</classname>:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">package de.hdm_stuttgart.mi.sd1.stringset;
-
-
-/**
- * A collection of Strings that contains no duplicate elements.
- * More formally, sets contain no pair of Strings s1 and s2 such that
- * s1.equals(s2), and no null elements. As implied by its name,
- * this class models the mathematical set abstraction.
- *
- * The StringSet class places stipulations on the contracts of the add,
- * equals and hashCode methods.
- *
- * The stipulation on constructors is, not surprisingly, that all constructors
- * must create a set that contains no duplicate elements (as defined above).
- *
- */
-public interface Set_String {
-
- /**
- * Returns the number of strings in this set (its cardinality).
- *
- * @return the number of elements in this set (its cardinality)
- */
- public int size() ;
-
- /**
- * Returns true if this set contains no elements.
- *
- * @return true if this set contains no elements
- */
- public boolean isEmpty();
+ <para>We take a closer look at the little crab version 5
+ scenario in
+ <filename>book-scenarios/chapter02-04/little-crab-5</filename>.
+ The subsequently copied code is meant to initialize our crab's
+ world. Albeit being technically achieving its purpose this code
+ lacks flexibility and suffers from various flaws to be corrected
+ by <emphasis role="bold">YOU</emphasis>:</para>
- /**
- * Returns true if this set contains the specified element. More
- * formally, returns true if and only if this set contains an
- * element e such that (o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e)).
- *
- * @param o element whose presence in this set is to be tested
- * @return true if this set contains the specified element.
- * A null value will be treated as "not in set".
- *
- */
- public boolean contains(Object o);
+ <programlisting language="java">public class CrabWorld extends World {
+ /**
+ * Create the crab world (the beach). Our world has a size
+ * of 560x560 cells, where every cell is just 1 pixel.
+ */
+ public CrabWorld() {
+ super(560, 560, 1); <co linkends="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-1"
+ xml:id="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-1-co"/>
+ populateWorld();
+ }
- /**
- * Returns an array containing all strings in this set.
- *
- * The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are
- * maintained by this set. (In other words, this method allocates
- * a new array). The caller is thus free to modify the returned array.
- *
- * @return an array containing all strings in this set.
- */
- public String[] toArray();
+ /**
+ * Create the objects for the start of the game.
+ */
+ public void populateWorld() {
+ addObject(new Crab(), 300, 300); <co
+ linkends="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-2"
+ xml:id="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-2-co"/> <co
+ linkends="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-3"
+ xml:id="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-3-co"/>
- /**
- * Adds the specified element to this set if it is not already present.
- * More formally, adds the specified element e to this set if the set
- * contains no element e2 such that (e==null ? e2==null : e.equals(e2)).
- * If this set already contains the element, the call leaves the set
- * unchanged and returns false. In combination with the restriction on
- * constructors, this ensures that sets never contain duplicate elements.
- *
- * null values will be discarded
- *
- * @param s string to be added to this set
- *
- * @return true if this set did not already contain the specified element.
- * The attempted insert of a null value will return false.
- */
- public boolean add(String s);
-
- /**
- * Removes the specified string from this set if it is present
- * (optional operation). More formally, removes a string s
- * such that (o==null ? s==null : o.equals(s)), if this set
- * contains such a string. Returns true if this set contained
- * the string (or equivalently, if this set changed as a result
- * of the call). (This set will not contain the string once the
- * call returns.)
- *
- * @param s String to be removed from this set, if present.
- * @return true if this set contained the specified string.
- */
- public boolean remove(Object s);
+ addObject(new Lobster(), 90, 70); <co
+ linkends="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-4"
+ xml:id="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-4-co"/> <coref
+ linkend="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-2-co"/> <coref
+ linkend="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-3-co"/>
+ addObject(new Lobster(), 390, 200);
+ addObject(new Lobster(), 360, 500);
- /**
- * Removes all of the strings from this set (optional operation).
- * The set will be empty after this call returns.
- */
- public void clear();
+ addObject(new Worm(), 20, 500); <coref
+ linkend="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-4-co"/> <coref
+ linkend="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-2-co"/> <coref
+ linkend="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-3-co"/>
+ addObject(new Worm(), 30, 200);
+ addObject(new Worm(), 60, 90);
+ addObject(new Worm(), 80, 310);
+ addObject(new Worm(), 150, 50);
+ addObject(new Worm(), 210, 410);
+ addObject(new Worm(), 220, 520);
+ addObject(new Worm(), 380, 330);
+ addObject(new Worm(), 410, 270);
+ addObject(new Worm(), 530, 30);
+ }
}</programlisting>
- <para>Implement this interface:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class MySet_String implements Set_String {
-
- /**
- * Constructs a new, empty set;
- */
- public MySet_String() {
- ...
- }
-
- /**
- * Copy array values into this set excluding duplicates.
- *
- * @param source The array to copy values from
- */
- public MySet_String(final String[] source) {
- ...
- }
-
- @Override
- public int size() {
- ...
- }
- ...
-}</programlisting>
+ <calloutlist>
+ <callout arearefs="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-1-co"
+ xml:id="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-1">
+ <para>We might want our world to become parametrized in a
+ more flexible way. Different values for width and height
+ should be easily adjustable. With respect to random
+ placement of characters these values should be accessible by
+ other methods as well. Thus having just integer literals in
+ a constructor call is not appropriate.</para>
- <para>Hints:</para>
+ <para>Action: Define these parameters as class level
+ variables.</para>
+ </callout>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Store strings among with corresponding hash code
- values in two separate arrays. You may use the
- <quote>amortized doubling</quote> strategy from <xref
- linkend="sd1IntStoreUnbounded"/> to accommodate arbitrary
- numbers of instances.</para>
- </listitem>
+ <callout arearefs="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-2-co"
+ xml:id="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-2">
+ <para>Our animals will always start at the same initial
+ position (300, 300). Playing this game frequently should
+ allow for random placement.</para>
- <listitem>
- <para>On lookup use hash code values prior to comparing via
- <methodname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#equals-java.lang.Object-">equals()</methodname>
- in order to gain performance.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
+ <para>Action: Use <productname>Greenfoot</productname>.<link
+ xlink:href="http://www.greenfoot.org/files/javadoc/greenfoot/Greenfoot.html#getRandomNumber(int)">getRandomNumber(int)</link>
+ to place the crab at random positions.</para>
+ </callout>
- <para>Write appropriate tests to assure a sound
- implementation.</para>
- </question>
+ <callout arearefs="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-3-co"
+ xml:id="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-3">
+ <para>All animals initially move into the same direction.
+ This is due to their rotation angle being initialized to
+ zero. Thus each animal will move exactly to the right when
+ starting the game.</para>
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para
- role="eclipse">P/CollectionImplement/StringSet/Solution</para>
- </annotation>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
- </chapter>
+ <para>Action: Randomly initialize all moving animals'
+ initial walking directions.</para>
+ </callout>
- <chapter xml:id="sd1Map1">
- <title>Collections: Maps I</title>
+ <callout arearefs="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-4-co"
+ xml:id="sd1CrabworldInitDeficiencies-4">
+ <para>All animals are being positioned at fixed positions
+ making our game a little boring.</para>
- <section xml:id="sd1MapPrepare">
- <title>Preparations</title>
+ <para>Action: Rather then positioning lobsters and worms one
+ by one use two different for-loops instead. Inside each loop
+ randomly position each animal:</para>
- <para>Read the introduction on <link
- xlink:href="http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-collections/map.html">Java
- Collections - Map</link> and <link xlink:href="???">Java Collections -
- SortedMap</link>.</para>
+ <programlisting language="java">for (...) {
+ <emphasis role="bold">// Create all desired worms</emphasis>
+}
- <para>Consider the following array of person names:</para>
+for (...) {
+ <emphasis role="bold">// Create all desired lobsters</emphasis>
+}</programlisting>
- <figure xml:id="sd1ArrayPersons">
- <title>An array of strings</title>
+ <para>Use class variables to define the number of animals to
+ be created.</para>
+ </callout>
+ </calloutlist>
+ </question>
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/array.fig"/>
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </figure>
+ <answer>
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>We define two variables <emphasis
+ role="bold">worldWidth</emphasis> , <emphasis
+ role="bold">worldHeight</emphasis> and make them replace the
+ integer literal values inside our default
+ constructor:</para>
- <para>Consider the following array describing (non leap year) month
- lengths:</para>
+ <programlisting language="java">public class CrabWorld extends World {
- <figure xml:id="sd1MonthLength">
- <title>An associative array describing month lengths</title>
+ private final static int // Width and height of our
+ <emphasis role="bold">worldWidth</emphasis> = 700, // crab's world.
+ <emphasis role="bold">worldHeight</emphasis> = 560;
+...
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/arrayAssoc.fig"/>
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </figure>
- </section>
+ public CrabWorld() {
+ super(<emphasis role="bold">worldWidth</emphasis>, <emphasis role="bold">worldHeight</emphasis>, 1);
+ populateWorld();
+ } ...</programlisting>
+ </listitem>
- <section xml:id="sd1MapExercise">
- <title>Exercises</title>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>There are different ways to implement choosing
+ coordinates randomly. We take an intermediate step by
+ implementing two helper methods which create random x- and
+ y-coordinate values being valid with respect to our world's
+ boundaries:</para>
- <para>In <xref linkend="sd1CollectionWordFrequencies"/> we created a
- sorted set of words appearing in a text among with their respective
- frequencies:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none"> 6: Newton
- 6: and
- 5: Einstein
- 3: Pascal
- 3: found
- 3: meter
- 3: one
- 3: to
- 2: a
-...</programlisting>
+ <programlisting language="java">public class CrabWorld extends World {
- <para>Achieving this result relied on implementing a helper class
- <classname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/WordFrequency1/Solution/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/textstat/WordFrequency.html">WordFrequency</classname>
- grouping words and frequencies:</para>
+ private final static int // Width and height of our
+ worldWidth = 700, // crab's world.
+ worldHeight = 560;
- <programlisting language="java">public class WordFrequency {
/**
- * The frequency of this word will be counted.
+ * @return A random c ranging from 0 to the worlds's width in pixel units
+ * - 1. A width of e.g. 100 sets the range to {0, 1,..., 99}.
*/
- public final String word;
- private int frequency;
-...</programlisting>
+ public static int getRandomX() {
+ return Greenfoot.getRandomNumber(worldWidth);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * @return A random number ranging from 0 to the worlds's height in pixel
+ * units - 1. A height of e.g. 70 sets the range to {0, 1,..., 69}.
+ */
+ public static int getRandomY() {
+ return Greenfoot.getRandomNumber(worldHeight);
+ } ...</programlisting>
- <para>A cleaner solution might conceive the above result output as a
- <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Map.html">Map</classname><<classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname>,
- <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html">Integer</classname>>.
- The set of words appearing in a text will be regarded as keys. The
- frequencies of appearance are corresponding values:</para>
+ <para>Creating animals at random positions becomes fairly
+ easy:</para>
- <informaltable border="1" width="40%">
- <tr>
- <th colspan="2"><classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Map.html">Map</classname><<classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname>,
- <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html">Integer</classname>></th>
- </tr>
+ <programlisting language="java"> public void populateWorld() {
+ addObject(new Crab(), <emphasis role="bold">getRandomX()</emphasis>, <emphasis
+ role="bold">getRandomY()</emphasis>);...</programlisting>
+ </listitem>
- <tr>
- <th>Word (<classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname>)</th>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>In complete analogy we implement a random rotation
+ value generating method:</para>
- <th>Frequency (<classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html">Integer</classname>)</th>
- </tr>
+ <programlisting language="java"> /**
+ * @return A random rotation within the range [0, 1, ..., 360[.
+ */
+ public static int getRandomRotation() {
+ return Greenfoot.getRandomNumber(360);
+ }</programlisting>
- <tr>
- <td>Newton</td>
+ <para>We might create animals and set their rotation value
+ subsequently. Adding a non-default constructor appears to be
+ a cleaner approach:</para>
- <td>6</td>
- </tr>
+ <programlisting language="java">public class Crab extends Animal {
- <tr>
- <td>and</td>
+ // Common constructor code: Initialize a crab's two images, rotation ...
+ private void commonConstructor(int rotation) {
+ setRotation(rotation);
+ setImage(image1);
+ wormsEaten = 0;
+ }
- <td>6</td>
- </tr>
+ /**
+ * Create a crab.
+ */
+ public Crab() {
+ commonConstructor(0);
+ }
- <tr>
- <td>Einstein</td>
+ public Crab(int rotation) {
+ commonConstructor(rotation);
+ }</programlisting>
- <td>5</td>
- </tr>
+ <para>We may now complete a crab's random placement with
+ random rotation value:</para>
- <tr>
- <td>Pascal</td>
+ <programlisting language="java"> public void populateWorld() {
+ addObject(new Crab(getRandomRotation()), getRandomX(), getRandomY());...</programlisting>
+ </listitem>
- <td>3</td>
- </tr>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Creating and placing lobsters and worms randomly is
+ now a straightforward exercise:</para>
- <tr>
- <td>...</td>
+ <programlisting language="java">public class CrabWorld extends World {
- <td>...</td>
- </tr>
- </informaltable>
+ private final static int
+ <emphasis role="bold">initialLobsterCount</emphasis> = 3,
+ <emphasis role="bold">initialWormCount</emphasis> = 10;
+...
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sde1QandaWordFreqMap">
- <title>Implementing word frequencies by <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Map.html">Map</classname><<classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname>,
- <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html">Integer</classname>>
- instances.</title>
+ public void populateWorld() {
+ addObject(new Crab(getRandomRotation()), getRandomX(), getRandomY());
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Re-implement <xref
- linkend="sd1CollectionWordFrequencies"/> replacing your
- <classname
- xlink:href="Ref/api/P/WordFrequency1/Solution/de/hdm_stuttgart/mi/sd1/textstat/WordFrequency.html">WordFrequency</classname>
- object by an instance of <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Map.html">Map</classname><<classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname>,
- <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html">Integer</classname>>.
- For the time being consider the output sorting order yet as
- irrelevant.</para>
- </question>
+ // Creating lobsters.
+ for (int i = 0; i < i<emphasis role="bold">nitialLobsterCount</emphasis>; i++) {
+ addObject(new Lobster(getRandomRotation()), getRandomX(), getRandomY());
+ }
+ // Creating worms.
+ for (int i = 0; i < <emphasis role="bold">initialWormCount</emphasis>; i++) {
+ addObject(new Worm(), getRandomX(), getRandomY());
+ }
+ } ...</programlisting>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
- <answer>
<annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/WordFrequency1/Solution</para>
+ <para role="eclipse">P/crab/V1</para>
</annotation>
</answer>
</qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
-
- <para>The subsequent exercise is considered to be optional with respect
- to the final course's examination. It does however provide some deeper
- insight into the subject of <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Map.html">Map</classname>
- instances.</para>
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sde1QandaWordFreqMapSortOrder">
- <title>Regain sorting capabilities.</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
<qandaentry>
<question>
- <para>Refine <xref linkend="sde1QandaWordFreqMap"/> to sort your
- output by word frequencies in the first place as you already did
- in <xref linkend="sd1CollectionWordFrequencies"/>.</para>
-
- <para>Hint: Following the discussion in <quote
- xlink:href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/11647889/sorting-the-mapkey-value-in-descending-order-based-on-the-value">Sorting
- the Map<Key,Value> in descending order based on the
- value</quote> you may create a <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/List.html">List</classname><<classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Map.Entry.html">Entry</classname>(<<classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname>,
- <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html">Integer</classname>>>
- from your <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Map.html">Map</classname><<classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname>,
- <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html">Integer</classname>>
- instance on demand (i.e. when sorting). Then define an
- appropriate <classname
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Comparator.html">Comparator</classname>
- class to get this list sorted.</para>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/WordFrequency2/Solution</para>
- </annotation>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
- </chapter>
-
- <chapter xml:id="sd1Map2">
- <title>Collections: Maps II</title>
-
- <figure xml:id="sd1FigTownsByCountry">
- <title>Grouping towns by country names</title>
-
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/townsByCountry.fig"/>
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </figure>
+ <para>The current initialization code may produce the following
+ scenario:</para>
- <section xml:id="sd1MapMarks">
- <title>Creating an overview of grades</title>
+ <informalfigure>
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/stayclear.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </informalfigure>
- <para>Consider a text file representing a list of students among with
- examination grades ranging from level <quote>A</quote> to
- <quote>D</quote>:</para>
+ <para>This will leave a player with hardly any chance to escape.
+ So we'd like our lobsters to initially keep some distance from
+ our crab. Modify your code accordingly.</para>
- <programlisting language="none">Tim Bone, D
-Eve Thunder, A
-Aaron King, B
-Joan White, B
-Mark Singer, C
-Jane Simmonds, D
-Ethan Clarke, C
-Paula Beam, C</programlisting>
+ <para>Hint: Calculate the distance between a potential lobster's
+ position and the already existing crab. Exclude placements
+ whenever a lobster gets too close.</para>
+ </question>
- <para>Duplicate names may appear.</para>
+ <answer>
+ <para>We may define a constant reflecting the minimal initial
+ distance between a lobster and a crab:</para>
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaMarkFrequency">
- <title>Creating an overview of grades showing frequencies</title>
+ <programlisting language="java">public class CrabWorld extends World {
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Transform the preceding text file into an overview of
- grades by aggregating the occurrences of marks. The current
- example should lead to:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">Overview of marks:
-A: 1
-B: 2
-C: 3
-D: 2</programlisting>
- </question>
+ private final static int ...
+
+ minimalLobsterCrabDistance = 100; // The minimal distance when starting the game. ...</programlisting>
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/Marks/Solution1</para>
- </annotation>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
+ <para>We may then modify our loop to exclude lobster coordinate
+ positions <coref linkend="sd1ListingExcludeLobsterCircle"/>
+ falling inside a circle of radius <emphasis
+ role="bold">minimalLobsterCrabDistance</emphasis> surrounding
+ our crab:</para>
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaMarkNames">
- <title>Creating an overview of grades showing individual names</title>
+ <programlisting language="java"> public void populateWorld() {
+
+ final int crabX = getRandomX(), // Our crab's initial (x|y) coordinates are
+ crabY = getRandomY(); // needed for later calculations, see below.
+
+ <emphasis role="bold">// Create our crab.</emphasis>
+ addObject(new Crab(getRandomRotation()), crabX, crabY);
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Replace the mark frequencies by the actual list of
- alphabetically sorted names. The current example should lead
- to:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none">Overview of marks:
-A: Eve Thunder
-B: Aaron King, Joan White
-C: Ethan Clarke, Mark Singer, Paula Beam
-D: Jane Simmonds, Tim Bone</programlisting>
- </question>
+ <emphasis role="bold">// Creating lobsters.</emphasis>
+ int numLobsters = 0;
+ while (numLobsters < initialLobsterCount) { // We use a while loop instead of for since
+ // numLobsters gets incremented condionally.
+
+ final int lobsterX = getRandomX(), // <emphasis role="bold">Potential</emphasis> lobster's position
+ lobsterY = getRandomY(), // at (lobsterX|lobsterY).
+ deltaX = lobsterX - crabX,
+ deltaY = lobsterY - crabY;
+
+ // Pythagoras is talking to us. Do you listen? If you can't hear him, take a pencil
+ // and a sheet of paper to sketch the problem's geometry.
+ //
+ // We only add a lobster at coordinate position (lobsterX|lobsterY) if
+ // its distance to our crab is sufficiently large.
+ //
+ if (<emphasis role="bold">minimalLobsterCrabDistance * minimalLobsterCrabDistance <</emphasis> <co
+ xml:id="sd1ListingExcludeLobsterCircle"/> // Distance between lobster and crab is
+ <emphasis role="bold">deltaX * deltaX + deltaY * deltaY</emphasis>) { // larger than minimalLobsterCrabDistance.
+ addObject(new Lobster(getRandomRotation()), lobsterX, lobsterY);
+ numLobsters++;
+ }
+ }
+
+ <emphasis role="bold">// Creating worms. Easy: No conditions apply.</emphasis>
+ for (int i = 0; i < initialWormCount; i++) {
+ addObject(new Worm(), getRandomX(), getRandomY());
+ }
+ }</programlisting>
- <answer>
- <annotation role="make">
- <para role="eclipse">P/Marks/Solution2</para>
- </annotation>
+ <para>Full <command>Javadoc</command> including source code is
+ <link
+ xlink:href="Ref/api/P/crab/V2/package-summary.html">available
+ here</link>.</para>
</answer>
</qandaentry>
</qandadiv>
</qandaset>
</section>
</chapter>
-
- <xi:include href="../glossary.xml" xpointer="element(/1)"/>
-
- <xi:include href="../bibliography.xml" xpointer="element(/1)"/>
</part>
diff --git a/ws/Docbook/Extensions/Tdata/fig.xml b/ws/Docbook/Extensions/Tdata/fig.xml
index ee3d40d6eb59114a12256ae0c912fc4ace1ad20e..996514dc4086ebda512d988ba86a620af2dc0717 100644
--- a/ws/Docbook/Extensions/Tdata/fig.xml
+++ b/ws/Docbook/Extensions/Tdata/fig.xml
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
<para>Some sql code:</para>
- <programlisting>SELECT * FROM Table
+ <programlisting language="none">SELECT * FROM Table