diff --git a/Doc/Sd1/LanguageFundamentals/languageFundamentals.xml b/Doc/Sd1/LanguageFundamentals/languageFundamentals.xml
index 7713a3f6f9e22bb1e78719ed3f19dc12bd7349cd..19cae107671ef7479e81879153fbe25f2916e1d8 100644
--- a/Doc/Sd1/LanguageFundamentals/languageFundamentals.xml
+++ b/Doc/Sd1/LanguageFundamentals/languageFundamentals.xml
@@ -1164,9 +1164,14 @@ const float native super while</programlisting>
<para>Modifier <code language="java">final</code> prohibits
changes:</para>
- <programlisting language="java">final double pi = 3.1415926;
+ <programlisting language="java">final double PI = 3.1415926;
...
-pi = 1.0; // Compile time error: Constant cannot be modified</programlisting>
+PI = 1.0; // Compile time error: Constant cannot be modified</programlisting>
+
+ <note>
+ <para><code language="java">final</code> variables by convention are
+ being capitalized</para>
+ </note>
</figure>
<figure xml:id="sd1_fig_varCaseSensitive">
@@ -2627,14 +2632,10 @@ double pi = 3.141592653589793;
pi = -4; // Woops, accidential and erroneous redefinition</programlisting>
<programlisting language="java">//Good
-final double pi = 3.141592653589793;
+final double PI = 3.141592653589793;
...
-pi = -4; // Compile time error:
+PI = -4; // Compile time error:
// Cannot assign a value to final variable 'pi'</programlisting>
-
- <programlisting language="java">// Even better
-final double PI // Coding style (Best practices): Using
- = 3.141592653589793; // capital letters for constant variable.</programlisting>
</figure>
<figure xml:id="sd1_fig_variableCategories">
@@ -3507,7 +3508,7 @@ System.out.println("Maximum short value:" + MAXIMUM);</programlisting>
<answer>
<para>Since variables of type <code language="java"
xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se7/html/jls-4.html#jls-4.2.1-100-B">short</code>
- are signed having a two-byte two-complement representation their
+ use signed two-byte two-complement representation their
corresponding range is <inlineequation>
<m:math display="inline">
<m:mrow>
@@ -3620,21 +3621,20 @@ System.out.println("Maximum short value:" + MAXIMUM);</programlisting>
literals. The given example code is thus equivalent to:</para>
<programlisting language="java">final short MINIMUM = 0B00000000_00000000_10000000_00000000,
- MAXIMUM = 0B00000000_00000000_01111111_11111111;
-...</programlisting>
+ MAXIMUM = 0B00000000_00000000_01111111_11111111;</programlisting>
<para>The second <code language="java"
xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se7/html/jls-4.html#jls-4.2.1-100-C">int</code>
- literal 0B01111111_11111111 representing 32767 is perfectly
+ literal 0B01111111_11111111 representing 32767 is perfectly well
assignable to a <code language="java"
xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se7/html/jls-4.html#jls-4.2.1-100-B">short</code>
- variable representing its maximum possible value as being
+ variable representing its maximum positive value as being
intended.</para>
<para>On the contrary the four-byte two complement <code
language="java">int</code> value <code
- language="java">00000000_00000000_10000000_00000000</code>
- evaluates to <inlineequation>
+ language="java">0B00000000_00000000_10000000_00000000</code>
+ equals <inlineequation>
<m:math display="inline">
<m:msup>
<m:mn>2</m:mn>
@@ -3642,73 +3642,53 @@ System.out.println("Maximum short value:" + MAXIMUM);</programlisting>
<m:mi>15</m:mi>
</m:msup>
</m:math>
- </inlineequation> (equal to 32768). But omitting the two
- leftmost bytes consisting of zero values the remaining two-byte
- two complement short value <code
- language="java">10000000_00000000</code> represents -32768 (or
+ </inlineequation> or 32768. This is one step above
<inlineequation>
<m:math display="inline">
<m:mrow>
- <m:mo>-</m:mo>
+ <m:mo>[</m:mo>
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>-</m:mo>
- <m:mi>15</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation>).</para>
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
- <para>Avoiding this error requires representing <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>-</m:mo>
+ <m:mi>15</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+ </m:mrow>
- <m:msup>
- <m:mn>2</m:mn>
+ <m:mo>,</m:mo>
- <m:mi>15</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation> as an <code language="java">int</code>. Since
- <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:msup>
- <m:mn>2</m:mn>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
- <m:mi>15</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation> is being represented by
- <code>00000000_00000000_10000000_00000000</code> we get its
- four-byte two-complement negative counterpart by first inverting
- all positions and subsequently adding the value
- <quote>1</quote>:</para>
+ <m:mi>15</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
- <programlisting language="java">final short MINIMUM = 0B11111111_11111111_10000000_00000000;</programlisting>
+ <m:mo>-</m:mo>
- <para>Alternatively we may as well use <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:msup>
- <m:mn>2</m:mn>
+ <m:mi>1</m:mi>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
- <m:mi>15</m:mi>
- </m:msup>
+ <m:mo>]</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
</m:math>
- </inlineequation> adding a unary minus sign:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">final short MINIMUM = -0B10000000_00000000;</programlisting>
-
- <para>Despite the unary minus the latter resembles our initial
- faulty value.</para>
-
- <para>The error in the first place is probably assigning a value
- of <inlineequation>
+ </inlineequation> and tus cannot be assigned to a <code
+ language="java">short</code> variable.</para>
+
+ <para>The cast cuts off the two leading bytes of
+ <code>00000000_00000000_10000000_00000000</code> forcing the
+ remaining two lower bytes into a <code
+ language="java">short</code> variable
+ <code>10000000_00000000</code>. In 2-byte two complement
+ representation this is the lowest possible value <inlineequation>
<m:math display="inline">
<m:mrow>
- <m:mo>+</m:mo>
+ <m:mo>-</m:mo>
<m:msup>
<m:mi>2</m:mi>
@@ -3717,21 +3697,7 @@ System.out.println("Maximum short value:" + MAXIMUM);</programlisting>
</m:msup>
</m:mrow>
</m:math>
- </inlineequation> to a <code language="java"
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se7/html/jls-4.html#jls-4.2.1-100-B">short</code>
- variable mixing two-byte and four-byte two-complement
- representation.</para>
-
- <para>Finally using a cast strips off the two leading bytes from
- the int representation leaving us with the desired pattern for a
- short representing -32768:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="none"> int short
-
-00000000
-00000000
-10000000 cast --> 10000000
-00000000 00000000</programlisting>
+ </inlineequation> or -32768.</para>
</answer>
</qandaentry>
</qandadiv>
@@ -4190,12 +4156,14 @@ _____________________________________
<figure xml:id="sd1_fig_floatPrecision">
<title>Limited precision</title>
- <programlisting language="java">float float2Power31 = Integer.MAX_VALUE + 1f; // 2^31
+ <programlisting language="java">float float2Power31 = <link
+ xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/21/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/Integer.html#MAX_VALUE">Integer.MAX_VALUE</link> + 1f; // 2^31
float floatDoubleMAX_VALUE = 2 * float2Power31 * float2Power31 - 1f; // 2^63 - 1
System.out.format( " Float value: %f\n", floatDoubleMAX_VALUE);
-System.out.println("Expected value: " + Long.MAX_VALUE);</programlisting>
+System.out.println("Expected value: " + <link
+ xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/21/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/Long.html#MAX_VALUE">Long.MAX_VALUE</link>);</programlisting>
<para>Result:</para>
@@ -4212,11 +4180,11 @@ Expected value: 9223372036854775807
<td valign="top"><programlisting language="none">//Print 15 floating point digits
DecimalFormat df = new DecimalFormat("#.###############");
-System.out.println(df.format(Float.intBitsToFloat(
- 0b0_10000000_0000110011001100110011<emphasis role="red">0</emphasis> )));
+System.out.println(df.format(Float.intBitsToFloat(0b0_10000000_0000110011001100110011<emphasis
+ role="red">0</emphasis> )));
-System.out.println(df.format(Float.intBitsToFloat(
- 0b0_10000000_0000110011001100110011<emphasis role="red">1</emphasis> )));</programlisting></td>
+System.out.println(df.format(Float.intBitsToFloat(0b0_10000000_0000110011001100110011<emphasis
+ role="red">1</emphasis> )));</programlisting></td>
</tr>
<tr>