diff --git a/Doc/Sd1/languageFundamentals.xml b/Doc/Sd1/languageFundamentals.xml
index 44219c2a38df408d635901c05b6bd795b47e73a0..c582ca9a55719e4009461b6a78f63229cf4e36ca 100644
--- a/Doc/Sd1/languageFundamentals.xml
+++ b/Doc/Sd1/languageFundamentals.xml
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@
<td>no</td>
- <td><code>for</code> is a Java keyword.</td>
+ <td><quote>for</quote> is a Java keyword.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@
<td>yes</td>
- <td/>
+ <td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@
<td>yes</td>
- <td/>
+ <td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -208,8 +208,8 @@
<td>no</td>
- <td>Operators like <quote>-</quote> must not appear in
- variable names.</td>
+ <td>Operators like <quote>-</quote> or <quote>+</quote> must
+ not appear in variable names.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@
<td>yes</td>
- <td><code>println</code> is part of
+ <td><code>println</code> is a method of
<code>System.out.println(...)</code> but is no <xref
linkend="glo_Java"/> keyword.</td>
</tr>
@@ -253,8 +253,9 @@
<td>yes</td>
- <td>Best practices: Discouraged variable name, non-constant
- variables should start with lowercase letters.</td>
+ <td>Best practices: Legal but discouraged variable name:
+ Non-constant variables should start with lowercase
+ letters.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -287,7 +288,8 @@
<td>yes</td>
- <td>Best practices: Should be reserved for system code.</td>
+ <td>Best practices: Using the <quote>$</quote> sign should be
+ reserved for system code.</td>
</tr>
</informaltable>
</answer>
@@ -299,148 +301,11 @@
<section xml:id="sw1IntegerLiterals">
<title>Integer value literals</title>
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sw1QandaMaxMinInt">
- <title>An <code>int</code>'s minimum and maximum value</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>In this exercise we look at an <code>int</code>'s the
- largest and smallest possible value.</para>
-
- <para>A <xref linkend="glo_Java"/> <code
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/datatypes.html">int</code>
- is internally being represented by 4 <link
- linkend="glo_byte">bytes</link>. <inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:msub>
- <m:mi>00000000000000000000000000000101</m:mi>
-
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
- </m:msub>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation> for example represents the decimal value
- 5.</para>
-
- <para>In order to represent negative values as well <xref
- linkend="glo_Java"/> uses <link
- xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two's_complement#firstHeading">Two's
- complement</link> representation. We provide some values:</para>
-
- <table border="1" xml:id="sw1Table4ByteIntegerRepresentation">
- <caption>4 Byte <link
- xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two's_complement#firstHeading">Two's
- complement</link> representation of <code>int</code>
- values.</caption>
-
- <tr>
- <th>Two complement representation</th>
-
- <th>Decimal representation</th>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td><code>00000000000000000000000000000000</code></td>
-
- <td>0</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td><code>01111111111111111111111111111111</code></td>
-
- <td><inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>16</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>-</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>1</m:mi>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:msup>
-
- <m:mo>-</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>1</m:mi>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation> (Maximum)</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td><code>10000000000000000000000000000000</code></td>
-
- <td><inlineequation>
- <m:math display="inline">
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mo>-</m:mo>
-
- <m:msup>
- <m:mi>2</m:mi>
-
- <m:mrow>
- <m:mi>16</m:mi>
-
- <m:mo>-</m:mo>
-
- <m:mi>1</m:mi>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:msup>
- </m:mrow>
- </m:math>
- </inlineequation> (Minimum)</td>
- </tr>
-
- <tr>
- <td><code>11111111111111111111111111111111</code></td>
-
- <td>-1</td>
- </tr>
- </table>
-
- <para>Use <link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se8/html/jls-3.html#jls-3.10.1"><code>int</code>
- literals</link> in <link
- xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se8/html/jls-3.html#jls-BinaryNumeral">binary
- representation</link> like e.g. <code>0B1100</code> in section
- <quote
- xlink:href="http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/9780992133047/toc6_html_2">Literals</quote>
- in order to write an <code>int</code>'s minimum and maximum
- possible value to standard output.</para>
-
- <programlisting language="noneJava"> public static void main(String[] args) {
-
- int minumum = ... , //TODO: provide values by
- maximum = ...; // binary int literals
-
- System.out.println("Minimum:" + minumum);
- System.out.println("Maximum:" + maximum);
- }</programlisting>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <para>We insert <link
- xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two's_complement#firstHeading">Two's
- complement</link> representations of minimum and maximum int
- values according to <xref
- linkend="sw1Table4ByteIntegerRepresentation"/>.</para>
+ <section xml:id="sd1BinaryLiteral">
+ <title>Binary literals</title>
- <programlisting language="noneJava">public static void main(String[] args) {
-
- int minumum = 0B10000000_00000000_00000000_00000000,
- maximum = 0B01111111_11111111_11111111_11111111;
-
- System.out.println("Minimum int value:" + minumum);
- System.out.println("Maximum int value:" + maximum);
- }</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
+ <para>TODO:</para>
+ </section>
<section xml:id="sw1SectHexadecimalLiterals">
<title>Hexadecimal literals</title>
@@ -546,8 +411,8 @@
xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se8/html/jls-4.html#jls-4.2.1">specification</link>.</para>
<para>The programmer tries to adopt the <link
- linkend="sw1QandaMaxMinInt">related int example</link> and
- adopts it accordingly:</para>
+ linkend="sw1QandaMaxMinInt">related int example</link>
+ accordingly:</para>
<programlisting language="noneJava">short minumum = 0B10000000_00000000,
maximum = 0B01111111_11111111;
@@ -630,20 +495,264 @@ System.out.println("Maximum short value:" + maximum);
an integer value which is compatible with a short and is thus
assignable.</para>
- <para>On the other hand the <code>int</code> literal
- <code>0B10000000_00000000</code> evaluates to +32768 and can
- thus not be assigned to a short at all. Not to mention its non-
- <link
+ <para>On the other hand the binary value
+ <code>10000000_00000000</code> evaluates to <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mn>2</m:mn>
+
+ <m:mi>15</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation> (equal to 32768) and thus cannot be
+ <emphasis>generally</emphasis> assigned to a two-byte short
+ variable without loosing data.</para>
+
+ <para>Even worse: The expression
+ <code>0B10000000_00000000</code> is actually a four byte
+ <code>int</code> literal using <link
xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two's_complement#firstHeading">Two's
- complement</link> representation. In order to avoid this error
- we need an explicit cast:</para>
+ complement</link> representation. Thus its value is
+ <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>-</m:mo>
+
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mn>2</m:mn>
+
+ <m:mi>15</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation> (equal to -32768).</para>
+
+ <para>In order to avoid this error we need an explicit type
+ conversion (a so called cast):</para>
<programlisting language="noneJava">short minumum = (short) 0B10000000_00000000;</programlisting>
- <para>Since a short ranges from -32768 to 32767 we may as well
- use a unary minus sign instead:</para>
+ <para>Since a <code>short</code> variable's range is
+ <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>[</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>-</m:mo>
+
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>15</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>,</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>15</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+
+ <m:mo>-</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>1</m:mi>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:mrow>
+
+ <m:mo>]</m:mo>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation> we may as well use a unary minus sign
+ instead:</para>
<programlisting language="noneJava">short minumum = -0B10000000_00000000;</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Both variants works syntactically but this is likely not
+ our programmer's intended value: The error in the first place is
+ probably the intention to assign a value of <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>+</m:mo>
+
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>15</m:mi>
+ </m:msup>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation>to a variable of type
+ <code>short</code>.</para>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+ </section>
+
+ <section xml:id="sd1SectIntMinMax">
+ <title>An <code>int</code>'s minimum and maximum value</title>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sw1QandaMaxMinInt">
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>In this exercise we look at an <code>int</code>'s the
+ largest and smallest possible value.</para>
+
+ <para>A <xref linkend="glo_Java"/> <code
+ xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/datatypes.html">int</code>
+ is internally being represented by 4 <link
+ linkend="glo_byte">bytes</link>. <inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:msub>
+ <m:mi>00000000000000000000000000000101</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+ </m:msub>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation> for example represents the decimal value
+ 5.</para>
+
+ <para>In order to represent negative values as well <xref
+ linkend="glo_Java"/> uses <link
+ xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two's_complement#firstHeading">Two's
+ complement</link> representation. We provide some values:</para>
+
+ <table border="1" xml:id="sw1Table4ByteIntegerRepresentation">
+ <caption>4 Byte <link
+ xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two's_complement#firstHeading">Two's
+ complement</link> representation of <code>int</code>
+ values.</caption>
+
+ <tr>
+ <th>Two complement representation</th>
+
+ <th>Decimal representation</th>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><code>00000000000000000000000000000000</code></td>
+
+ <td>0</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><code>01111111111111111111111111111111</code></td>
+
+ <td><inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>16</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>-</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>1</m:mi>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:msup>
+
+ <m:mo>-</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>1</m:mi>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation> (Maximum)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><code>10000000000000000000000000000000</code></td>
+
+ <td><inlineequation>
+ <m:math display="inline">
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mo>-</m:mo>
+
+ <m:msup>
+ <m:mi>2</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mrow>
+ <m:mi>16</m:mi>
+
+ <m:mo>-</m:mo>
+
+ <m:mi>1</m:mi>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:msup>
+ </m:mrow>
+ </m:math>
+ </inlineequation> (Minimum)</td>
+ </tr>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td><code>11111111111111111111111111111111</code></td>
+
+ <td>-1</td>
+ </tr>
+ </table>
+
+ <para>Use <link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se8/html/jls-3.html#jls-3.10.1"><code>int</code>
+ literals</link> in <link
+ xlink:href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se8/html/jls-3.html#jls-BinaryNumeral">binary
+ representation</link> like e.g. <code>0B1100</code> in section
+ <quote
+ xlink:href="http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/9780992133047/toc6_html_2">Literals</quote>
+ in order to write an <code>int</code>'s minimum and maximum
+ possible value to standard output.</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="noneJava"> public static void main(String[] args) {
+
+ int minumum = ... , //TODO: provide values by
+ maximum = ...; // binary int literals
+
+ System.out.println("Minimum:" + minumum);
+ System.out.println("Maximum:" + maximum);
+ }</programlisting>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <para>We insert <link
+ xlink:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two's_complement#firstHeading">Two's
+ complement</link> representations of minimum and maximum int
+ values according to <xref
+ linkend="sw1Table4ByteIntegerRepresentation"/>.</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="noneJava">public static void main(String[] args) {
+
+ int minumum = 0B10000000_00000000_00000000_00000000,
+ maximum = 0B01111111_11111111_11111111_11111111;
+
+ System.out.println("Minimum int value:" + minumum);
+ System.out.println("Maximum int value:" + maximum);
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>BTW: The <xref linkend="glo_JDK"/> does provide maximum
+ value, minimum value and related information for
+ <code>char</code>, <code>byte</code>, <code>short</code> and
+ <code>int</code> data types int its related <classname
+ xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Character.html">Character</classname>,
+ <classname
+ xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Byte.html">Byte</classname>,
+ <classname
+ xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Short.html">Short</classname>
+ and <classname
+ xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html">Integer</classname>
+ classes. You may want to execute:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="none"> System.out.println("int minimum:" + Integer.MIN_VALUE);
+ System.out.println("int minimum:" + Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+
+ System.out.println("int bytes:" + Integer.BYTES);
+ System.out.println("int size:" + Integer.SIZE);
+</programlisting>
</answer>
</qandaentry>
</qandadiv>