From 06e01756bf8547034b5787dc9df0a93f786ec1fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Martin Goik <goik@hdm-stuttgart.de>
Date: Sun, 24 Sep 2017 11:41:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] Finishing statements exercise
---
Doc/Sd1/Ref/Statements/if_elseIf_else.svg | 1365 +++++++++++++++++++++
Doc/Sd1/coreClasses.xml | 472 ++-----
Doc/Sd1/statements.xml | 1357 +++++++++++---------
3 files changed, 2263 insertions(+), 931 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 Doc/Sd1/Ref/Statements/if_elseIf_else.svg
diff --git a/Doc/Sd1/Ref/Statements/if_elseIf_else.svg b/Doc/Sd1/Ref/Statements/if_elseIf_else.svg
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e6153a04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Doc/Sd1/Ref/Statements/if_elseIf_else.svg
@@ -0,0 +1,1365 @@
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diff --git a/Doc/Sd1/coreClasses.xml b/Doc/Sd1/coreClasses.xml
index cbc21c705..f0eedab1e 100644
--- a/Doc/Sd1/coreClasses.xml
+++ b/Doc/Sd1/coreClasses.xml
@@ -1,13 +1,5 @@
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-<chapter version="5.1" xml:id="sw1ChapterCoreClasses"
- xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
- xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
- xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
- xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
- xmlns:ns="http://docbook.org/ns/transclusion"
- xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
- xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
- xmlns:db="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook">
+<chapter version="5.1" xml:id="sw1ChapterCoreClasses" xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:ns="http://docbook.org/ns/transclusion" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:db="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook">
<title>Core Classes</title>
<section xml:id="sd1SectVarargsFormat">
@@ -17,12 +9,7 @@
<qandadiv>
<qandaentry>
<question>
- <para>This exercise aims at a better understanding of
- <code>System.out.<link
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/PrintStream.html#format-java.lang.String-java.lang.Object...-">format()</link></code>
- already being used in <xref
- linkend="sd1SectIntermediateMultiplication"/> and other exercises.
- Consider the following snippet:</para>
+ <para>This exercise aims at a better understanding of <code>System.out.<link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/PrintStream.html#format-java.lang.String-java.lang.Object...-">format()</link></code> already being used in <xref linkend="sd1QandaSquareNumberTableFormatted"/> and other exercises. Consider the following snippet:</para>
<programlisting language="java"> int value = 33;
double secondValue = 114.317;
@@ -31,10 +18,7 @@
System.out.format("An integer %3d and a double value %6.2f\n",
value, secondValue);</programlisting>
- <para>Something seems to be odd here: The format() method is being
- called with a different number of arguments. Actually we may call
- it with an arbitrary number of one or more arguments. Answer the
- following two questions:</para>
+ <para>Something seems to be odd here: The format() method is being called with a different number of arguments. Actually we may call it with an arbitrary number of one or more arguments. Answer the following two questions:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
@@ -42,8 +26,7 @@
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>What is the role of the <quote>%...</quote> format
- strings?</para>
+ <para>What is the role of the <quote>%...</quote> format strings?</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</question>
@@ -51,32 +34,13 @@
<answer>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
- <para>At first sight these method calls appear as if the
- format() method had been multiply overloaded. This observation
- is misleading despite the fact that a related <link
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/PrintStream.html#format-java.util.Locale-java.lang.String-java.lang.Object...-">overloaded
- method</link> providing an additional locale argument does
- indeed exist.</para>
-
- <para>According to <code>System.out.<methodname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/PrintStream.html#format-java.lang.String-java.lang.Object...-">format(...)</methodname></code>
- the first argument must be of type <code
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</code>.
- Additional arguments of <emphasis>arbitrary</emphasis> type
- may be added in accordance with the <quote>%...</quote> <link
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Formatter.html#syntax">format
- strings</link> inside the first argument. It uses the
- <acronym>varargs</acronym> mechanism being described in the
- <link
- xlink:href="https://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/9780992133047/toc2_html_5#toc2">Java
- classes section of chapter 4</link>.</para>
+ <para>At first sight these method calls appear as if the format() method had been multiply overloaded. This observation is misleading despite the fact that a related <link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/PrintStream.html#format-java.util.Locale-java.lang.String-java.lang.Object...-">overloaded method</link> providing an additional locale argument does indeed exist.</para>
+
+ <para>According to <code>System.out.<methodname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/PrintStream.html#format-java.lang.String-java.lang.Object...-">format(...)</methodname></code> the first argument must be of type <code xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</code>. Additional arguments of <emphasis>arbitrary</emphasis> type may be added in accordance with the <quote>%...</quote> <link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Formatter.html#syntax">format strings</link> inside the first argument. It uses the <acronym>varargs</acronym> mechanism being described in the <link xlink:href="https://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/9780992133047/toc2_html_5#toc2">Java classes section of chapter 4</link>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>There is a one to one correspondence between each %...
- format string and a corresponding argument. Thus if n further
- arguments exist the format string must contain at least n
- <quote>%</quote> format specifiers.</para>
+ <para>There is a one to one correspondence between each %... format string and a corresponding argument. Thus if n further arguments exist the format string must contain at least n <quote>%</quote> format specifiers.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
@@ -92,16 +56,13 @@
<screen>v=33, d=114.32, color=ff</screen>
- <para>We may prettify our code to better reflect the one to one
- correspondence between format strings and variables:</para>
+ <para>We may prettify our code to better reflect the one to one correspondence between format strings and variables:</para>
<programlisting language="java"> System.out.format("v=%d, d=%5.2f, color=%2x\n",
v, d, color);</programlisting>
<caution>
- <para>A failure in providing appropriate numbers of arguments
- having appropriate types likely results in a runtime
- exception:</para>
+ <para>A failure in providing appropriate numbers of arguments having appropriate types likely results in a runtime exception:</para>
<programlisting language="java">System.out.format("v=%d, d=%d, color=%2x\n", // Error: Using %s
// rather than %f.
@@ -118,25 +79,17 @@ java.util.IllegalFormatConversionException: <emphasis role="bold">d != java.lang
</section>
<section xml:id="sw1SectionCoreClassesUsingMath">
- <title>Using class <classname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html">Math</classname></title>
+ <title>Using class <classname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html">Math</classname></title>
- <para><classname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html">Math</classname>
- is yet another class belonging to the core set of the <xref
- linkend="glo_Java"/> programing language.</para>
+ <para><classname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html">Math</classname> is yet another class belonging to the core set of the <xref linkend="glo_Java"/> programing language.</para>
<qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sw1QandaCircleAreaMathPackage">
- <title>Using constants from <classname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html">java.lang.Math</classname>.</title>
+ <title>Using constants from <classname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html">java.lang.Math</classname>.</title>
<qandadiv>
<qandaentry>
<question>
- <para>In Exercise <xref linkend="sw1QandaCircleAreaFinal"/> you
- calculated a given circle's area protecting variables against
- accidental redefinition using the <code>final</code>
- modifier:</para>
+ <para>In Exercise <xref linkend="sw1QandaCircleAreaFinal"/> you calculated a given circle's area protecting variables against accidental redefinition using the <code>final</code> modifier:</para>
<programlisting language="java">public static void main(String[] args) {
@@ -148,23 +101,14 @@ java.util.IllegalFormatConversionException: <emphasis role="bold">d != java.lang
System.out.println(area);
}</programlisting>
- <para>You may have wondered why you had to punch in the value of
- <inlineequation>
+ <para>You may have wondered why you had to punch in the value of <inlineequation>
<m:math display="inline">
<m:mi>Ï€</m:mi>
</m:math>
- </inlineequation> yourself. Actually <xref linkend="glo_Java"/>
- predefines constants in <classname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html">java.lang.Math</classname>
- class. Read its documentation to rewrite your code thereby
- replacing your own variable <code>pi</code>'s definition .</para>
+ </inlineequation> yourself. Actually <xref linkend="glo_Java"/> predefines constants in <classname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html">java.lang.Math</classname> class. Read its documentation to rewrite your code thereby replacing your own variable <code>pi</code>'s definition .</para>
<tip>
- <para>You may want to read the <quote
- xlink:href="https://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/9780992133047/toc11_html_2">Static
- Members</quote> and <quote
- xlink:href="https://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/9780992133047/toc6_html_4">Java
- Packages</quote> sections .</para>
+ <para>You may want to read the <quote xlink:href="https://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/9780992133047/toc11_html_2">Static Members</quote> and <quote xlink:href="https://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/9780992133047/toc6_html_4">Java Packages</quote> sections .</para>
</tip>
</question>
@@ -179,16 +123,9 @@ java.util.IllegalFormatConversionException: <emphasis role="bold">d != java.lang
System.out.println(area);
}</programlisting>
- <para>In case you bother about using the somewhat clumsy <varname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#PI">Math.PI</varname>
- expression rather than just using <varname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#PI">PI</varname>
- itself some syntactic sugar is on offer by means of a <link
- xlink:href="https://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/9780992133047/toc13_html">static
- import</link> statement:</para>
+ <para>In case you bother about using the somewhat clumsy <varname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#PI">Math.PI</varname> expression rather than just using <varname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#PI">PI</varname> itself some syntactic sugar is on offer by means of a <link xlink:href="https://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/9780992133047/toc13_html">static import</link> statement:</para>
- <programlisting language="java" linenumbering="unnumbered"><emphasis
- role="bold">import static java.lang.Math.PI;</emphasis>
+ <programlisting language="java" linenumbering="unnumbered"><emphasis role="bold">import static java.lang.Math.PI;</emphasis>
public class CircleAreaCalculator {
@@ -196,16 +133,12 @@ public class CircleAreaCalculator {
double radius = 2.31; // A circle having a radius (given e.g. in mm).
- final double area = <emphasis role="bold">PI</emphasis> * radius * radius; // <emphasis
- role="bold">This actually refers to Math.PI</emphasis>
+ final double area = <emphasis role="bold">PI</emphasis> * radius * radius; // <emphasis role="bold">This actually refers to Math.PI</emphasis>
System.out.println(area);
}
}</programlisting>
- <para>We dig a little deeper to fully understand the underlying
- concepts. Obtaining a <xref linkend="glo_JDK"/>'s source code and
- browsing its implementation <filename>Math.java</filename>
- reveals:</para>
+ <para>We dig a little deeper to fully understand the underlying concepts. Obtaining a <xref linkend="glo_JDK"/>'s source code and browsing its implementation <filename>Math.java</filename> reveals:</para>
<programlisting language="java">/*
* Copyright (c) 1994, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
@@ -226,16 +159,11 @@ public final class Math {
<emphasis role="bold">public static final double PI = 3.14159265358979323846;</emphasis>
...</programlisting>
- <para>This accounts for using the expression <code><varname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#field.summary">Math.PI</varname></code>.</para>
+ <para>This accounts for using the expression <code><varname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#field.summary">Math.PI</varname></code>.</para>
- <para>The careful reader may have expected an <code>import</code>
- statement in order to use the <classname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html">Math</classname>
- class:</para>
+ <para>The careful reader may have expected an <code>import</code> statement in order to use the <classname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html">Math</classname> class:</para>
- <programlisting language="java">import java.lang.<emphasis
- role="bold">Math</emphasis>; // Optional: Classes from java.lang are imported
+ <programlisting language="java">import java.lang.<emphasis role="bold">Math</emphasis>; // Optional: Classes from java.lang are imported
// implicitely as per the Java language specification.
public class CircleAreaCalculator {
@@ -249,12 +177,7 @@ public class CircleAreaCalculator {
}
}</programlisting>
- <para>But since the <classname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Class.html">Math</classname>
- class belongs to the <package
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/package-frame.html">java.lang</package>
- package it is present by default and does not have to be
- imported.</para>
+ <para>But since the <classname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Class.html">Math</classname> class belongs to the <package xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/package-frame.html">java.lang</package> package it is present by default and does not have to be imported.</para>
</answer>
</qandaentry>
</qandadiv>
@@ -268,18 +191,10 @@ public class CircleAreaCalculator {
<qandadiv>
<qandaentry>
<question>
- <para>Solve all remaining exercises from the <link
- xlink:href="http://codingbat.com/java/String-1">String-1</link>
- section and <link
- xlink:href="http://codingbat.com/prob/p191914">Warmup-1 >
- notString</link>. Then solve the examples from the <link
- xlink:href="http://codingbat.com/java/String-2">String-2</link>
- section.</para>
+ <para>Solve all remaining exercises from the <link xlink:href="http://codingbat.com/java/String-1">String-1</link> section and <link xlink:href="http://codingbat.com/prob/p191914">Warmup-1 > notString</link>. Then solve the examples from the <link xlink:href="http://codingbat.com/java/String-2">String-2</link> section.</para>
<tip>
- <para>You may want to use the Eclipse IDE and then copy/paste
- your code to the CodingBat web interface to avoid tedious syntax
- related fiddling.</para>
+ <para>You may want to use the Eclipse IDE and then copy/paste your code to the CodingBat web interface to avoid tedious syntax related fiddling.</para>
</tip>
</question>
</qandaentry>
@@ -294,12 +209,7 @@ public class CircleAreaCalculator {
<qandadiv>
<qandaentry>
<question>
- <para>In this exercise we go one step beyond <xref
- linkend="sd1_qanda_exerciseEmoticons"/>. Consider the <xref
- linkend="glo_unicode"/> emoticon definitions. Write a suitable
- nested loop to mimic the <link
- xlink:href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoticons_(Unicode_block)#Block">emoticon
- table</link>. Your output shall read:</para>
+ <para>In this exercise we go one step beyond <xref linkend="sd1_qanda_exerciseEmoticons"/>. Consider the <xref linkend="glo_unicode"/> emoticon definitions. Write a suitable nested loop to mimic the <link xlink:href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoticons_(Unicode_block)#Block">emoticon table</link>. Your output shall read:</para>
<mediaobject>
<imageobject>
@@ -308,17 +218,12 @@ public class CircleAreaCalculator {
</mediaobject>
<tip>
- <para>The method <classname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/StringBuffer.html">StringBuffer</classname>.<methodname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/StringBuffer.html#appendCodePoint-int-">appendCodePoint</methodname>
- allows the conversion of integer <xref linkend="glo_unicode"/>
- values to the corresponding character sequence.</para>
+ <para>The method <classname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/StringBuffer.html">StringBuffer</classname>.<methodname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/StringBuffer.html#appendCodePoint-int-">appendCodePoint</methodname> allows the conversion of integer <xref linkend="glo_unicode"/> values to the corresponding character sequence.</para>
</tip>
</question>
<answer>
- <para>We need two nested loops creating the desired table by
- traversing the <xref linkend="glo_unicode"/> block:</para>
+ <para>We need two nested loops creating the desired table by traversing the <xref linkend="glo_unicode"/> block:</para>
<programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
@@ -345,8 +250,7 @@ public class CircleAreaCalculator {
<qandadiv>
<qandaentry>
<question>
- <para>Consider the following string (excluding the
- comment):</para>
+ <para>Consider the following string (excluding the comment):</para>
<screen>73167176531330624919225119674426574742355349194934
96983520312774506326239578318016984801869478851843
@@ -360,8 +264,7 @@ public class CircleAreaCalculator {
52584907711670556013604839586446706324415722155397
53697817977846174064955149290862569321978468622482
83972241375657056057490261407972968652414535100474
-821663704844031<emphasis role="bold">9989</emphasis>0008895243450658541227588666881 <co
- xml:id="sw1Sequence9989"/> (boldface highlighting)
+821663704844031<emphasis role="bold">9989</emphasis>0008895243450658541227588666881 <co xml:id="sw1Sequence9989"/> (boldface highlighting)
16427171479924442928230863465674813919123162824586
17866458359124566529476545682848912883142607690042
24219022671055626321111109370544217506941658960408
@@ -370,24 +273,16 @@ public class CircleAreaCalculator {
05886116467109405077541002256983155200055935729725
71636269561882670428252483600823257530420752963450</screen>
- <para>The above sequence is meant to form a single string which
- has just been arranged in lines for convenience reasons.</para>
+ <para>The above sequence is meant to form a single string which has just been arranged in lines for convenience reasons.</para>
- <para>In the above example the greatest product of four adjacent
- digits is 9 × 9 × 8 × 9 = 5832 due to the presence of
- <quote>9989</quote> <coref linkend="sw1Sequence9989"/></para>
+ <para>In the above example the greatest product of four adjacent digits is 9 × 9 × 8 × 9 = 5832 due to the presence of <quote>9989</quote> <coref linkend="sw1Sequence9989"/></para>
- <para>Write a program that computes the maximum product value of
- 13 adjacent digits within the above string.</para>
+ <para>Write a program that computes the maximum product value of 13 adjacent digits within the above string.</para>
<tip>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
- <para>Representing the above string in a <xref
- linkend="glo_Java"/> program may be cumbersome due to its
- excessive length discouraging a single line representation.
- You may favor assembling it from smaller string
- literals:</para>
+ <para>Representing the above string in a <xref linkend="glo_Java"/> program may be cumbersome due to its excessive length discouraging a single line representation. You may favor assembling it from smaller string literals:</para>
<programlisting language="java">final String input = "731671765 ... 94934"
+ ...
@@ -395,20 +290,11 @@ public class CircleAreaCalculator {
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>The <classname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname>
- class does contain a method to retrieve a substring starting
- and ending at given index positions. Read its documentation
- to find it.</para>
+ <para>The <classname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname> class does contain a method to retrieve a substring starting and ending at given index positions. Read its documentation to find it.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>The <classname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname>
- class does contain a method returning the <code
- xlink:href="https://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/book/programming/java/9780992133047/chapter-2-language-fundamentals/toc3_html_3">char</code>
- value at a given index. Read the documentation to find
- it.</para>
+ <para>The <classname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname> class does contain a method returning the <code xlink:href="https://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/book/programming/java/9780992133047/chapter-2-language-fundamentals/toc3_html_3">char</code> value at a given index. Read the documentation to find it.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
@@ -419,14 +305,7 @@ public class CircleAreaCalculator {
</question>
<answer>
- <para>We present a step by step solution. We start by coding a
- loop creating the set of all substrings of length 13. Reading the
- <classname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname>
- documentation the method<methodname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#substring-int-int-">
- substring(...)</methodname> allows for accessing the set of all
- substrings of 13 adjacent digits:</para>
+ <para>We present a step by step solution. We start by coding a loop creating the set of all substrings of length 13. Reading the <classname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname> documentation the method<methodname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#substring-int-int-"> substring(...)</methodname> allows for accessing the set of all substrings of 13 adjacent digits:</para>
<programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
final String
@@ -469,13 +348,7 @@ public class CircleAreaCalculator {
3042075296345
0420752963450</screen>
- <para>The method <methodname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#charAt-int-">charAt(int
- index)</methodname> allows us to access each character within our
- string individually. We need to write a method which converts a
- digit like '4' to the value 4. Remember: The Unicode value of e.g.
- character '4' equals its ASCII value which is just 52. Thus we
- need a translation like:</para>
+ <para>The method <methodname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#charAt-int-">charAt(int index)</methodname> allows us to access each character within our string individually. We need to write a method which converts a digit like '4' to the value 4. Remember: The Unicode value of e.g. character '4' equals its ASCII value which is just 52. Thus we need a translation like:</para>
<programlisting language="java"> private static int getDigitValue (final char digit) {
switch(digit) {
@@ -496,10 +369,7 @@ public class CircleAreaCalculator {
}
}</programlisting>
- <para>Next we must compute a given string's product of digits.
- Taking the first value <code>7316717653133</code> from above we
- are looking for 7 × 3 ×1 × 6 ×7 × 1 ×7 × 6 × 5 × 3 × 1 × 3 × 3 =
- 5000940. We define:</para>
+ <para>Next we must compute a given string's product of digits. Taking the first value <code>7316717653133</code> from above we are looking for 7 × 3 ×1 × 6 ×7 × 1 ×7 × 6 × 5 × 3 × 1 × 3 × 3 = 5000940. We define:</para>
<programlisting language="java"> private static int getDigitProduct(final String digitWord) {
int product = 1;
@@ -509,26 +379,11 @@ public class CircleAreaCalculator {
return product;
}</programlisting>
- <para>Unfortunately this method sometimes returns weird results:
- The argument <code>"5397536978179"</code> for example returns
- -1594459696. This negative value is due to an arithmetic overflow:
- The product 5 × 3 × 9 × 7 × 5 × 3 × 6 × 9 × 7 × 8 × 1 × 7 × 9 is
- actually 2,700,507,600. This exceeds <code
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html#MAX_VALUE">MAX_VALUE</code>
- of 2,147,483,647 <link
- xlink:href="https://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/book/programming/java/9780992133047/chapter-2-language-fundamentals/toc3_html_3">being
- representable by a 4 byte <code>int</code> variable</link>.</para>
-
- <para>Luckily a <code>long</code> variable <link
- xlink:href="https://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/book/programming/java/9780992133047/chapter-2-language-fundamentals/toc3_html_3">will
- be able to hold positive values up to
- 9,223,372,036,854,775,807</link>. This is much larger than our
- <quote>worst case</quote> 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 ×
- 9 × 9 × 9 = 2,541,865,828,329 value. We thus change our data type
- from <code>int</code> to <code>long</code>:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> private static <emphasis
- role="bold">long</emphasis> getDigitProduct(final String digitWord) {
+ <para>Unfortunately this method sometimes returns weird results: The argument <code>"5397536978179"</code> for example returns -1594459696. This negative value is due to an arithmetic overflow: The product 5 × 3 × 9 × 7 × 5 × 3 × 6 × 9 × 7 × 8 × 1 × 7 × 9 is actually 2,700,507,600. This exceeds <code xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html#MAX_VALUE">MAX_VALUE</code> of 2,147,483,647 <link xlink:href="https://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/book/programming/java/9780992133047/chapter-2-language-fundamentals/toc3_html_3">being representable by a 4 byte <code>int</code> variable</link>.</para>
+
+ <para>Luckily a <code>long</code> variable <link xlink:href="https://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/book/programming/java/9780992133047/chapter-2-language-fundamentals/toc3_html_3">will be able to hold positive values up to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807</link>. This is much larger than our <quote>worst case</quote> 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 × 9 = 2,541,865,828,329 value. We thus change our data type from <code>int</code> to <code>long</code>:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> private static <emphasis role="bold">long</emphasis> getDigitProduct(final String digitWord) {
<emphasis role="bold">long</emphasis> product = 1;
for (int i = 0; i < digitWord.length(); i++) {
product *= getDigitValue(digitWord.charAt(i));
@@ -536,8 +391,7 @@ public class CircleAreaCalculator {
return product;
}</programlisting>
- <para>Assembling these pieces leaves us with the following
- <code>main(...)</code> method:</para>
+ <para>Assembling these pieces leaves us with the following <code>main(...)</code> method:</para>
<programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
@@ -545,10 +399,8 @@ public class CircleAreaCalculator {
input = "73167176531330624919225119674426574742355349194934"
+ "96983520312774506326239578318016984801869478851843"
+ "85861560789112949495459501737958331952853208805511"
- + "12540698747158523863050715693290963295227443043<emphasis
- role="bold">557</emphasis>"
- + "<emphasis role="bold">6689664895</emphasis>0445244523161731856403098711121722383113" <co
- xml:id="sd1CoMaxProductSequence"/>
+ + "12540698747158523863050715693290963295227443043<emphasis role="bold">557</emphasis>"
+ + "<emphasis role="bold">6689664895</emphasis>0445244523161731856403098711121722383113" <co xml:id="sd1CoMaxProductSequence"/>
+ "62229893423380308135336276614282806444486645238749"
+ "30358907296290491560440772390713810515859307960866"
+ "70172427121883998797908792274921901699720888093776"
@@ -580,11 +432,7 @@ public class CircleAreaCalculator {
"' yields the largest product value " + getDigitProduct(maxDigitString) + ".");
}</programlisting>
- <para>The largest product of 13 successive digits stems from the
- substring <code>"5576689664895</code>" <coref
- linkend="sd1CoMaxProductSequence"/> starting with the last three
- digits in the fourth definition line of <code>String input =
- ...</code>.</para>
+ <para>The largest product of 13 successive digits stems from the substring <code>"5576689664895</code>" <coref linkend="sd1CoMaxProductSequence"/> starting with the last three digits in the fourth definition line of <code>String input = ...</code>.</para>
<screen>The substring '5576689664895' yields the largest product value 23514624000.</screen>
</answer>
@@ -624,10 +472,7 @@ public class CircleAreaCalculator {
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>Read the documentation of <link
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#identityHashCode-java.lang.Object-">System.identityHashCode(Object
- o)</link> and <link
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#hashCode--">Object.hashCode()</link>.</para>
+ <para>Read the documentation of <link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#identityHashCode-java.lang.Object-">System.identityHashCode(Object o)</link> and <link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#hashCode--">Object.hashCode()</link>.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</tip>
@@ -636,82 +481,42 @@ public class CircleAreaCalculator {
<answer>
<para>Execution yields:</para>
- <programlisting language="java">a1 == a2: true <co
- linkends="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-1"
- xml:id="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-1-co"/>
+ <programlisting language="java">a1 == a2: true <co linkends="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-1" xml:id="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-1-co"/>
a1.equals(a2): true
-b1 == b2: false <co linkends="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-2"
- xml:id="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-2-co"/>
+b1 == b2: false <co linkends="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-2" xml:id="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-2-co"/>
b1.equals(b2): true </programlisting>
<calloutlist>
- <callout arearefs="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-1-co"
- xml:id="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-1">
- <para>The string literal <code>"TestA"</code> is being
- instantiated only once: The <xref linkend="glo_Java"/>
- compiler implementation allocates only one instance of class
- String per string literal.</para>
-
- <para>The string literal "TestA" (even if being defined within
- different classes) always represents the same object. Thus the
- two distinct variables <code>a1</code> and <code>a2</code> are
- being assigned an identical reference pointing to this unique
- instance. As per definition the operator == compares two
- object references for equality and thus returns true. You
- might as well write:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">System.out.println(<emphasis
- role="bold">"TestA" == "TestA"</emphasis>);</programlisting>
-
- <para>The method <link
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#identityHashCode-java.lang.Object-">System.identityHashCode(Object
- o)</link> returns <link
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#hashCode--">Object.hashCode()</link>
- rather then <link
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#hashCode--">String.hashCode()</link>.
- This hash code from <link
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html">java.lang.Object</link>
- has a one to one correspondence to an object's reference and
- thus helps to understand the underlying object
- references:</para>
+ <callout arearefs="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-1-co" xml:id="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-1">
+ <para>The string literal <code>"TestA"</code> is being instantiated only once: The <xref linkend="glo_Java"/> compiler implementation allocates only one instance of class String per string literal.</para>
+
+ <para>The string literal "TestA" (even if being defined within different classes) always represents the same object. Thus the two distinct variables <code>a1</code> and <code>a2</code> are being assigned an identical reference pointing to this unique instance. As per definition the operator == compares two object references for equality and thus returns true. You might as well write:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">System.out.println(<emphasis role="bold">"TestA" == "TestA"</emphasis>);</programlisting>
+
+ <para>The method <link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#identityHashCode-java.lang.Object-">System.identityHashCode(Object o)</link> returns <link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html#hashCode--">Object.hashCode()</link> rather then <link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#hashCode--">String.hashCode()</link>. This hash code from <link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Object.html">java.lang.Object</link> has a one to one correspondence to an object's reference and thus helps to understand the underlying object references:</para>
<programlisting language="java">System.out.println("Hashcode a1 == " + System.identityHashCode(a1) +
", Hashcode a2 == " + System.identityHashCode(a2));</programlisting>
<screen>Hashcode a1 == 366712642, Hashcode a2 == 366712642</screen>
- <para>So <code>a1</code> and <code>a2</code> indeed point to
- the same object resulting in true when using the <methodname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#equals-java.lang.Object-">equals()</methodname>
- method for comparison.</para>
+ <para>So <code>a1</code> and <code>a2</code> indeed point to the same object resulting in true when using the <methodname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#equals-java.lang.Object-">equals()</methodname> method for comparison.</para>
</callout>
- <callout arearefs="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-2-co"
- xml:id="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-2">
- <para>Every call to the <link
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#String-java.lang.String-">String
- constructor</link> will create a new string instance. Thus
- <code>b1</code> and <code>b2</code> will hold two distinct
- references pointing to different String instances albeit these
- two instances contain identical values. Following the above
- reasoning we may execute:</para>
+ <callout arearefs="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-2-co" xml:id="answerCoStringOperatorEquality-2">
+ <para>Every call to the <link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#String-java.lang.String-">String constructor</link> will create a new string instance. Thus <code>b1</code> and <code>b2</code> will hold two distinct references pointing to different String instances albeit these two instances contain identical values. Following the above reasoning we may execute:</para>
<programlisting language="java">System.out.println("Hashcode b1 == " + System.identityHashCode(b1) +
", Hashcode b2 == " + System.identityHashCode(b2));</programlisting>
- <para>This yields different values corresponding to two
- different objects:</para>
+ <para>This yields different values corresponding to two different objects:</para>
<screen>Hashcode b1 == 1829164700, Hashcode b2 == 2018699554</screen>
- <para>Comparing these two reference values for equality the
- <quote>==</quote> operator thus returns
- <code>false</code>.</para>
+ <para>Comparing these two reference values for equality the <quote>==</quote> operator thus returns <code>false</code>.</para>
- <para>The <methodname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#equals-java.lang.Object-">equals()</methodname>
- method however still returns a value of true since both
- distinct objects carry an identical value.</para>
+ <para>The <methodname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#equals-java.lang.Object-">equals()</methodname> method however still returns a value of true since both distinct objects carry an identical value.</para>
</callout>
</calloutlist>
</answer>
@@ -746,16 +551,13 @@ b1.equals(b2): true </programlisting>
<para>Execute the above code.</para>
- <para>The following code differs only in the way the variable
- <varname>name</varname> <coref
- linkend="sd1CoNamedefByConcatMethod"/> is being defined:</para>
+ <para>The following code differs only in the way the variable <varname>name</varname> <coref linkend="sd1CoNamedefByConcatMethod"/> is being defined:</para>
<programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
final String reference = "Anton";
- <emphasis role="bold">final String name = "An".concat("ton");</emphasis> <co
- xml:id="sd1CoNamedefByConcatMethod"/>
+ <emphasis role="bold">final String name = "An".concat("ton");</emphasis> <co xml:id="sd1CoNamedefByConcatMethod"/>
System.out.println("Content:" + name);
@@ -771,34 +573,23 @@ b1.equals(b2): true </programlisting>
<tip>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
- <para>The <link
- xlink:href="https://prog.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/java_visualize">Java
- visualizer</link> may be helpful.</para>
+ <para>The <link xlink:href="https://prog.mi.hdm-stuttgart.de/java_visualize">Java visualizer</link> may be helpful.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>Think about compile time and run time
- considerations.</para>
+ <para>Think about compile time and run time considerations.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</tip>
</question>
<answer>
- <para>Having <code>name = "An" + "ton"</code> in place we
- get:</para>
+ <para>Having <code>name = "An" + "ton"</code> in place we get:</para>
<screen>Content:Anton
<emphasis role="bold">Instances are equal</emphasis></screen>
- <para>The Java compiler performs a clever optimization: The
- expression <code>"An" + "ton"</code> is being evaluated at compile
- time. Its value is identical to the string literal
- <code>"Anton"</code> and thus both variables
- <varname>name</varname> and <varname>reference</varname> will be
- initialized to a common <classname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname>
- instance:</para>
+ <para>The Java compiler performs a clever optimization: The expression <code>"An" + "ton"</code> is being evaluated at compile time. Its value is identical to the string literal <code>"Anton"</code> and thus both variables <varname>name</varname> and <varname>reference</varname> will be initialized to a common <classname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname> instance:</para>
<informalfigure>
<mediaobject>
@@ -808,21 +599,12 @@ b1.equals(b2): true </programlisting>
</mediaobject>
</informalfigure>
- <para>When starting from <code>name = "An".concat("ton")</code>
- the result is different:</para>
+ <para>When starting from <code>name = "An".concat("ton")</code> the result is different:</para>
<screen>Content:Anton
<emphasis role="bold">Instances are not equal</emphasis></screen>
- <para>This time the Java compiler is unable to dynamically resolve
- the expression <code>"An".concat("ton")</code> at compile time.
- Instead the method <methodname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#concat-java.lang.String-">concat(...)</methodname>will
- be called at runtime resulting in a second <classname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname>
- instance which by coincidence contains an identical value. Thus
- <varname>name</varname> and <varname>reference</varname> point to
- different objects:</para>
+ <para>This time the Java compiler is unable to dynamically resolve the expression <code>"An".concat("ton")</code> at compile time. Instead the method <methodname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#concat-java.lang.String-">concat(...)</methodname>will be called at runtime resulting in a second <classname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html">String</classname> instance which by coincidence contains an identical value. Thus <varname>name</varname> and <varname>reference</varname> point to different objects:</para>
<informalfigure>
<mediaobject>
@@ -844,13 +626,9 @@ b1.equals(b2): true </programlisting>
<qandadiv>
<qandaentry>
<question>
- <para>Regarding relative and absolute path specifications you may
- want to read the first three paragraphs of section <quote>File
- Systems and Paths</quote> in chapter 16.</para>
+ <para>Regarding relative and absolute path specifications you may want to read the first three paragraphs of section <quote>File Systems and Paths</quote> in chapter 16.</para>
- <para>Depending on your operating system of choice absolute
- (=fully qualified) filenames are being represented in different
- ways:</para>
+ <para>Depending on your operating system of choice absolute (=fully qualified) filenames are being represented in different ways:</para>
<glosslist>
<glossentry>
@@ -934,11 +712,7 @@ b1.equals(b2): true </programlisting>
</glossentry>
</glosslist>
- <para>Implement a class <classname>FileMetaInfo</classname> to be
- instantiated from ordinary strings describing absolute or relative
- filenames. Your class shall have several immutable attributes
- corresponding to the previously described values. Consider the
- following usage example:</para>
+ <para>Implement a class <classname>FileMetaInfo</classname> to be instantiated from ordinary strings describing absolute or relative filenames. Your class shall have several immutable attributes corresponding to the previously described values. Consider the following usage example:</para>
<programlisting language="java">public class WindowsExample {
@@ -957,8 +731,7 @@ b1.equals(b2): true </programlisting>
}
}</programlisting>
- <para>On a Windows system the following output is being
- expected:</para>
+ <para>On a Windows system the following output is being expected:</para>
<screen>Filename is relative? false
Drive letter:C
@@ -966,27 +739,19 @@ Directory path: \users\heinz\Desktop
File basename: index
File extension: html</screen>
- <para>Due to the possible presence of drive letters Windows
- pathnames are more difficult to parse. We illustrate a possible
- strategy dissecting
- <filename>C:\programms\openvpn\conf\hdm.ovpn</filename> into the
- desired constituents:</para>
+ <para>Due to the possible presence of drive letters Windows pathnames are more difficult to parse. We illustrate a possible strategy dissecting <filename>C:\programms\openvpn\conf\hdm.ovpn</filename> into the desired constituents:</para>
<glosslist>
<glossentry>
<glossterm>Decomposing path components:</glossterm>
<glossdef>
- <para><filename>C:\programms\openvpn\conf\hdm.ovpn</filename>
- → {<code>"C:"</code>, <code>"programms"</code>,
- <code>"openvpn"</code>, <code>"conf"</code>,
- <code>"hdm.ovpn"</code>}.</para>
+ <para><filename>C:\programms\openvpn\conf\hdm.ovpn</filename> → {<code>"C:"</code>, <code>"programms"</code>, <code>"openvpn"</code>, <code>"conf"</code>, <code>"hdm.ovpn"</code>}.</para>
</glossdef>
</glossentry>
<glossentry>
- <glossterm>Drive letter string to character
- conversion</glossterm>
+ <glossterm>Drive letter string to character conversion</glossterm>
<glossdef>
<para>"C:" → <code>'C'</code></para>
@@ -997,8 +762,7 @@ File extension: html</screen>
<glossterm>Decomposing filename (if required)</glossterm>
<glossdef>
- <para><code>"hdm.ovpn"</code> → {<code>"hdm"</code>,
- <code>"ovpn"</code>}</para>
+ <para><code>"hdm.ovpn"</code> → {<code>"hdm"</code>, <code>"ovpn"</code>}</para>
</glossdef>
</glossentry>
</glosslist>
@@ -1006,93 +770,47 @@ File extension: html</screen>
<tip>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
- <para>You will have to deal with absolute and relative (e.g.
- <filename>../../Desktop/var.png</filename>) filename
- specifications.</para>
+ <para>You will have to deal with absolute and relative (e.g. <filename>../../Desktop/var.png</filename>) filename specifications.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>You will have to deal with files having no extensions
- like e.g. <filename>/usr/bin/firefox</filename>. In this
- case the <code>extension</code> attribute is expected to be
- <code>null</code>.</para>
+ <para>You will have to deal with files having no extensions like e.g. <filename>/usr/bin/firefox</filename>. In this case the <code>extension</code> attribute is expected to be <code>null</code>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>For the sake of limiting complexity you do not have to
- consider filenames starting with a period (like
- <filename>/home/heinz/.bashrc</filename>) or containing
- multiple periods like
- <filename>../arrow.right.png</filename>.</para>
+ <para>For the sake of limiting complexity you do not have to consider filenames starting with a period (like <filename>/home/heinz/.bashrc</filename>) or containing multiple periods like <filename>../arrow.right.png</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>To distinguish the above mentioned system defaults for
- filename path conventions read the
- <classname>java.lang.System</classname> section of chapter 5
- <link
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html">along
- with its API</link>. The book's table of system properties
- will enable your implementation to work both on Windows and
- non-Windows systems accordingly.</para>
+ <para>To distinguish the above mentioned system defaults for filename path conventions read the <classname>java.lang.System</classname> section of chapter 5 <link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html">along with its API</link>. The book's table of system properties will enable your implementation to work both on Windows and non-Windows systems accordingly.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>You will have to parse filenames like
- <code>"/usr/share/openvpn/hdm.conf"</code>. Exercise 7 from
- the <quote>Quiz</quote> section of chapter 5 shows an
- example dissecting a string containing tokens being
- separated by space characters using the <classname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/StringTokenizer.html">java.util.StringTokenizer</classname>
- class. Read its documentation and learn how to specify
- string delimiters other than default space <code>' '</code>.
- It'll allow you to dissect paths using separators '/' (Unix)
- or '\' (Windows) to break paths into components.</para>
-
- <para>Likewise you may split filenames into basename /
- extension by using <code>'.'</code> as separator.</para>
+ <para>You will have to parse filenames like <code>"/usr/share/openvpn/hdm.conf"</code>. Exercise 7 from the <quote>Quiz</quote> section of chapter 5 shows an example dissecting a string containing tokens being separated by space characters using the <classname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/StringTokenizer.html">java.util.StringTokenizer</classname> class. Read its documentation and learn how to specify string delimiters other than default space <code>' '</code>. It'll allow you to dissect paths using separators '/' (Unix) or '\' (Windows) to break paths into components.</para>
+
+ <para>Likewise you may split filenames into basename / extension by using <code>'.'</code> as separator.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>Assembling path components may be effected by either
- using a <classname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/StringBuffer.html">StringBuffer</classname>
- or a <classname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/StringJoiner.html">StringJoiner</classname>
- instance. Mind the distinction between relative and absolute
- paths!</para>
+ <para>Assembling path components may be effected by either using a <classname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/StringBuffer.html">StringBuffer</classname> or a <classname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/StringJoiner.html">StringJoiner</classname> instance. Mind the distinction between relative and absolute paths!</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>The methods <methodname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#indexOf-int-">indexOf(...)</methodname>
- and <methodname
- xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#substring-int-int-">substring(...)</methodname>
- come in handy when dissecting filenames into basename and
- extension.</para>
+ <para>The methods <methodname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#indexOf-int-">indexOf(...)</methodname> and <methodname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/String.html#substring-int-int-">substring(...)</methodname> come in handy when dissecting filenames into basename and extension.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>The backslash <quote>\</quote> must be escaped when
- being part of a <xref linkend="glo_Java"/> String
- literal:</para>
+ <para>The backslash <quote>\</quote> must be escaped when being part of a <xref linkend="glo_Java"/> String literal:</para>
<screen> String path = "C:\\programms\\openvpn\\conf\\hdm.ovpn";</screen>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>Unit tests may be written for Windows and non-Windows
- systems separately. Read <uri
- xlink:href="https://www.thekua.com/atwork/2008/09/running-tests-on-a-specific-os-under-junit4">https://www.thekua.com/atwork/2008/09/running-tests-on-a-specific-os-under-junit4</uri>
- how to use <methodname>Assume.assumeFalse()</methodname> /
- <methodname>Assume.assumeTrue(...)</methodname> to separate
- Windows from Unix tests.</para>
+ <para>Unit tests may be written for Windows and non-Windows systems separately. Read <uri xlink:href="https://www.thekua.com/atwork/2008/09/running-tests-on-a-specific-os-under-junit4">https://www.thekua.com/atwork/2008/09/running-tests-on-a-specific-os-under-junit4</uri> how to use <methodname>Assume.assumeFalse()</methodname> / <methodname>Assume.assumeTrue(...)</methodname> to separate Windows from Unix tests.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
- <para>Test your implementation both on Windows and Unix-type
- platforms. The following tests may be used as a starting
- point:</para>
+ <para>Test your implementation both on Windows and Unix-type platforms. The following tests may be used as a starting point:</para>
<programlisting language="java">public class MetaInfoUnixTest {
diff --git a/Doc/Sd1/statements.xml b/Doc/Sd1/statements.xml
index 99685bfc5..91ce12449 100644
--- a/Doc/Sd1/statements.xml
+++ b/Doc/Sd1/statements.xml
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@
<title>The if conditional statement</title>
<figure xml:id="sd1_fig_if">
- <title><code>if</code> ... <code>else</code> for block selection</title>
+ <title><code>if</code> block execution selection</title>
<informaltable border="1">
<tr>
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ if (100000 <= initialAmount) {
</figure>
<figure xml:id="sd1_fig_ifElse">
- <title><code>if</code> ... <code>else</code> for block selection</title>
+ <title><code>if</code> ... <code>else</code> block execution selection</title>
<informaltable border="1">
<tr>
@@ -227,36 +227,6 @@ if (100000 <= initialAmount) {
</informaltable>
</figure>
- <figure xml:id="sd1_fig_IfElseIf">
- <title><code>if</code> ... <code>else if</code> ... <code>else</code> for block selection</title>
-
- <programlisting language="java">double initialAmount = 3200;
-
-if (100000 <= initialAmount) { // Rich customer, higher interest rate
- System.out.println("Interest:" + 1.2 * initialAmount / 100);
-} else if (1000 <= initialAmount){ // Joe customer, standard interest rate
- System.out.println("Interest:" + 0.8 * initialAmount / 100);
-} else { // Capitalism: Sorry, but ...
- System.out.println("Interest:" + 0);
-}</programlisting>
-
- <informaltable border="1">
- <tr>
- <td><itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>One added branch per <code>else if</code></para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist></td>
-
- <td><itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>May (still) have a final branch.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist></td>
- </tr>
- </informaltable>
- </figure>
-
<qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1_qanda_booleanEqual">
<title>Comparing for equality</title>
@@ -359,7 +329,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **args) {
<qandadiv>
<qandaentry>
<question>
- <para>A computer newbie did not yet read about the <code>else if(...)</code> branch construct but nevertheless tries to implement the logic being shown in <xref linkend="sd1_fig_IfElseIf"/>. Please help by just using <code>if(...) ... else</code> statements!</para>
+ <para>A computer newbie did not yet read about the <code>else if(...)</code> branch construct but nevertheless tries to implement the logic being shown in <xref linkend="sd1_fig_ifElse"/>. Please help by just using <code>if(...)</code> (having no <code>else</code> branch) statements!</para>
<tip>
<para>As the title suggests you may want to use two nested <code>if</code> constructs.</para>
@@ -617,6 +587,30 @@ System.out.println("Failed!");</programlisting>
</qandadiv>
</qandaset>
+ <figure xml:id="sd1_fig_ifElse_else">
+ <title><code>if ... else if ... else</code></title>
+
+ <informaltable border="1">
+ <tr>
+ <td valign="top"><programlisting language="java">if ('A' == grade || 'B' == grade) {
+ result = "Excellent";
+} else if ('C' == grade) {
+ result = "O.k.";
+} else if ('D' == grade) {
+ result = "Passed";
+} else {
+ result = "Failed";
+}</programlisting></td>
+
+ <td valign="top"><mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="Ref/Statements/if_elseIf_else.svg"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject></td>
+ </tr>
+ </informaltable>
+ </figure>
+
<figure xml:id="sd1_fig_useScannerClass">
<title>User input by <link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/Scanner.html">Scanner</link></title>
@@ -628,6 +622,74 @@ System.out.println("You entered " + value);</programlisting>
<para>See <methodname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/Scanner.html#nextBoolean()">nextBoolean()</methodname>, <methodname><link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/Scanner.html#nextByte()">nextByte()</link></methodname> and friends.</para>
</figure>
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sw1QandaPostExamBonuspoints">
+ <title>Post modifying an exam's marking</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>After completely marking an examination a lecturer decides to globally add a number extra bonus points to a specific task . The task does have an upper limit of points to be awarded at maximum. We provide an example:</para>
+
+ <para>On completely fulfilling a given task 12 points will be awarded. So after marking the exam participants' points range from 0 to 12 points being represented by the variable <code>pointsReached</code>.</para>
+
+ <para>After completing his marking our lecturer wants to add three more points to all participants without breaching the 12 point limit.</para>
+
+ <para>Complete the following code by assigning this modified number of points to the variable <code>newResult</code>.</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
+
+ int pointsReached = 1;
+ int maximumPoints = 12;
+ int pointsToAdd = 3;
+
+ final int newResult;
+
+ // TODO: Assignment to variable newResult
+
+ System.out.println("New Result:" + newResult);
+ }</programlisting>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <para>The basic task is to add up the values of <code>pointsReached</code> and <code>pointsToAdd</code>. When exceeding the limit we just assign the limit itself:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
+
+ int pointsReached = 1;
+ int maximumPoints = 12;
+ int pointsToAdd = 3;
+
+ final int newResult;
+
+ if (maximumPoints <= pointsReached + pointsToAdd) {
+ newResult = maximumPoints;
+ } else {
+ newResult = pointsReached + pointsToAdd;
+ }
+
+ System.out.println("New Result:" + newResult);
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>This basically means calculating the minimum of the two expressions <code>pointsReached + pointsToAdd</code> and <code>maximumPoints</code>. This may as well be be implemented by:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
+
+ int pointsReached = 1;
+ int maximumPoints = 12;
+ int pointsToAdd = 3;
+
+ final int newResult = Math.min(maximumPoints, pointsReached + pointsToAdd);
+
+ System.out.println("New Result:" + newResult);
+
+ }</programlisting>
+
+ <para>You will fully understand the above expression <classname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html">Math</classname>.<methodname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html#min-int-int-">min(...)</methodname> after finishing the <quote xlink:href="https://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/9780992133047/toc12_html">Static Final Variables</quote> section.</para>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
+
<qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaAtTheBar">
<title>At the bar</title>
@@ -740,77 +802,6 @@ public class BarOrder {
</qandadiv>
</qandaset>
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaLeapYear">
- <title>Leap years</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>We want to write an application telling whether a given year is a leap year or not. The following dialogue may serve as an example:</para>
-
- <screen>Enter a year:>1980
-Year 1980 is a leap year</screen>
-
- <screen>Enter a year:>1900
-Year 1900 is no leap year</screen>
-
- <para>You may reuse the user input handling code from the previous example .</para>
-
- <tip>
- <para>Read about the Gregorian Calendar which defines rules governing leap years.</para>
- </tip>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <para>A first straightforward rule translation based solution reads:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">package start;
-
-import java.util.Scanner;
-
-public class LeapYear {
-
- public static void main(String[] args) {
-
- final Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); // Read user input
- System.out.print("Enter a year:>");
- final int year = scan.nextInt();
- scan.close();
-
- if (0 == year % 400) { <emphasis role="bold"> // Every 400 years we do have a leap year.</emphasis>
- System.out.println(
- "Year " + year + " is a leap year");
- } else if (0 == year % 4 && <emphasis role="bold"> // Every 4 years we do have a leap year</emphasis>
- 0 != year % 100) { <emphasis role="bold"> // unless year is a multiple of 100.</emphasis>
- System.out.println("Year " + year + " is a leap year");
- } else {
- System.out.println("Year " + year + " is no leap year");
- }
- }
-}</programlisting>
-
- <para>This solution contains two identical print statements. Developers don't favour redundancies. Combining the first two <code>if</code> branches into one resolves the issue:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
-
- final Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); // Read user input
- System.out.print("Enter a year:>");
- final int year = scan.nextInt();
- scan.close();
-
- if (0 == year % 400 || <emphasis role="bold">// Every 400 years we do have a leap year.</emphasis>
- (0 == year % 4 && <emphasis role="bold">// Every 4 years we do have a leap year</emphasis>
- 0 != year % 100)) { <emphasis role="bold">// unless year is a multiple of 100.</emphasis>
- System.out.println("Year " + year + " is a leap year");
- } else {
- System.out.println("Year " + year + " is no leap year");
- }
- }</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
-
<qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaRomanNumeralsIf">
<title>Roman numerals</title>
@@ -1329,6 +1320,77 @@ Midweek</screen>
</qandaentry>
</qandadiv>
</qandaset>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaLeapYear">
+ <title>Leap years</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>We want to write an application telling whether a given year is a leap year or not. The following dialogue may serve as an example:</para>
+
+ <screen>Enter a year:>1980
+Year 1980 is a leap year</screen>
+
+ <screen>Enter a year:>1900
+Year 1900 is no leap year</screen>
+
+ <para>You may reuse the user input handling code from the previous example .</para>
+
+ <tip>
+ <para>Read about the Gregorian Calendar which defines rules governing leap years.</para>
+ </tip>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <para>A first straightforward rule translation based solution reads:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">package start;
+
+import java.util.Scanner;
+
+public class LeapYear {
+
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+
+ final Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); // Read user input
+ System.out.print("Enter a year:>");
+ final int year = scan.nextInt();
+ scan.close();
+
+ if (0 == year % 400) { <emphasis role="bold"> // Every 400 years we do have a leap year.</emphasis>
+ System.out.println(
+ "Year " + year + " is a leap year");
+ } else if (0 == year % 4 && <emphasis role="bold"> // Every 4 years we do have a leap year</emphasis>
+ 0 != year % 100) { <emphasis role="bold"> // unless year is a multiple of 100.</emphasis>
+ System.out.println("Year " + year + " is a leap year");
+ } else {
+ System.out.println("Year " + year + " is no leap year");
+ }
+ }
+}</programlisting>
+
+ <para>This solution contains two identical print statements. Developers don't favour redundancies. Combining the first two <code>if</code> branches into one resolves the issue:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
+
+ final Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); // Read user input
+ System.out.print("Enter a year:>");
+ final int year = scan.nextInt();
+ scan.close();
+
+ if (0 == year % 400 || <emphasis role="bold">// Every 400 years we do have a leap year.</emphasis>
+ (0 == year % 4 && <emphasis role="bold">// Every 4 years we do have a leap year</emphasis>
+ 0 != year % 100)) { <emphasis role="bold">// unless year is a multiple of 100.</emphasis>
+ System.out.println("Year " + year + " is a leap year");
+ } else {
+ System.out.println("Year " + year + " is no leap year");
+ }
+ }</programlisting>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
</section>
<section xml:id="sd1_sect_loops">
@@ -1478,42 +1540,132 @@ Do not copy!</screen></td>
</mediaobject></td>
</tr>
</informaltable>
- </figure></para>
+ </figure><qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1_qanda_tellEvenOdd">
+ <title>Even or odd?</title>
+
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Write an application which asks for integer values telling its user whether a given value is even or odd. Providing the special value 0 shall terminate your application:</para>
+
+ <screen>Enter an integer (0 to terminate): 77
+ 77 is an odd number
+Enter an integer (0 to terminate): -3
+ -3 is an odd number
+Enter an integer (0 to terminate): 26
+ 26 is an even number
+Enter an integer (0 to terminate): 0
+ 0 is an even number
+Goodbye!</screen>
+
+ <tip>
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Remember the modulo <quote>%</quote> operator.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Think twice choosing an appropriate loop type.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </tip>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <para><parameter>We obviously need a loop to ask for further input unless the last entered value was 0. In any case the loop's statement will be executed at least once:</parameter><screen>Enter an integer (0 to terminate): 0
+ 0 is an even number
+Goodbye!</screen>We thus use a <code>do ... while</code> loop entering the loop's body <emphasis role="bold">before</emphasis> any check is about to happen:<programlisting language="java">try(final Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in)){
+
+ int userInput;
+ do {
+ System.out.print("Enter an integer (0 to terminate): ");
+ userInput = scanner.nextInt();
+ if (0 == userInput % 2) {
+ System.out.println(" " + userInput + " is an even number");
+ } else {
+ System.out.println(" " + userInput + " is an odd number");
+ }
+ } while (0 != userInput);
+ System.out.println("Goodbye!");
+}</programlisting></para>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset></para>
</section>
<section xml:id="sd1_sect_for">
<title>for</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
+ <figure xml:id="sd1_fig_forConsider">
+ <title>Common usage of <code>while</code></title>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">int i = 1; <co linkends="sd1_callout_whileLoopJustCounting-1" xml:id="sd1_callout_whileLoopJustCounting-1-co"/>
+
+while (i < 5 <co linkends="sd1_callout_whileLoopJustCounting-2" xml:id="sd1_callout_whileLoopJustCounting-2-co"/>) {
+ ...
+ i++; <co linkends="sd1_callout_whileLoopJustCounting-3" xml:id="sd1_callout_whileLoopJustCounting-3-co"/>
+}</programlisting>
+
+ <calloutlist>
+ <callout arearefs="sd1_callout_whileLoopJustCounting-1-co" xml:id="sd1_callout_whileLoopJustCounting-1">
+ <para>Declaring and initializing a loop termination related variable.</para>
+ </callout>
- <section xml:id="ex">
- <title>Exercises</title>
+ <callout arearefs="sd1_callout_whileLoopJustCounting-2-co" xml:id="sd1_callout_whileLoopJustCounting-2">
+ <para>Check for termination.</para>
+ </callout>
- <section xml:id="sd1StatementsLoops">
- <title>Loops</title>
+ <callout arearefs="sd1_callout_whileLoopJustCounting-3-co" xml:id="sd1_callout_whileLoopJustCounting-3">
+ <para>Progressing.</para>
+ </callout>
+ </calloutlist>
- <section xml:id="sd1SectOnlyEven">
+ <para>More concise syntax?</para>
+ </figure>
+
+ <figure xml:id="sd1_fig_for">
+ <title>Replacing <code>while</code> by <code>for</code></title>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">for (int i = 0 <co linkends="sd1_callout_for-1" xml:id="sd1_callout_for-1-co"/>; i < 5 <co linkends="sd1_callout_for-2" xml:id="sd1_callout_for-2-co"/>; i++ <co linkends="sd1_callout_for-3" xml:id="sd1_callout_for-3-co"/>) {
+ ...
+}</programlisting>
+
+ <calloutlist>
+ <callout arearefs="sd1_callout_for-1-co" xml:id="sd1_callout_for-1">
+ <para>Declaring and initializing a loop termination related variable.</para>
+ </callout>
+
+ <callout arearefs="sd1_callout_for-2-co" xml:id="sd1_callout_for-2">
+ <para>Check for termination.</para>
+ </callout>
+
+ <callout arearefs="sd1_callout_for-3-co" xml:id="sd1_callout_for-3">
+ <para>Progressing.</para>
+ </callout>
+ </calloutlist>
+ </figure>
+
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaOnlyEven">
<title>Printing even numbers</title>
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaOnlyEven">
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>The following slightly modified snippet has been taken from the <quote>Statements</quote> section of <xref linkend="bib_Kurniawan2015"/>:</para>
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Consider:</para>
- <programlisting language="java"> final int limit = 14;
-
- for (int i = 0; i < limit; i++) {
- if (i % 2 == 0) {
- System.out.println(i);
- }
- }</programlisting>
+ <programlisting language="java">final int limit = 14;
+int i = 0;
+while (i < limit) {
+ if (i % 2 == 0) {
+ System.out.println(i);
+ }
+ i++;
+}</programlisting>
- <para>This code effectively filters odd numbers and prints only even ones:</para>
+ <para>This code effectively filters odd numbers and prints only even ones:</para>
- <screen>0
+ <screen>0
2
4
6
@@ -1521,35 +1673,54 @@ Do not copy!</screen></td>
10
12</screen>
- <para>Modify this code to work without requiring the inner <quote>if</quote> statement.</para>
+ <para>Modify this code:</para>
- <tip>
- <para>Rather then filtering unwanted values try to avoid them in the first place by modifying the enclosing loop.</para>
- </tip>
- </question>
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>no <quote>if</quote> statement shall be used.</para>
- <answer>
- <programlisting language="java"> final int limit = 14;
+ <tip>
+ <para>Rather then filtering unwanted values try to avoid them in the first place by modifying the enclosing loop.</para>
+ </tip>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Use a <code>for</code> loop in favour of <code>while</code>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <para>Rather than filtering unwanted values we use a <code>for</code> loop having a step width of 2:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">final int limit = 14;
- for (int i = 0; i < limit; i += 2) {
- System.out.println(i);
- }</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
+for (int i = 0; i < limit; i += 2) {
+ System.out.println(i);
+}</programlisting>
+
+ <para>Even the original code could have been modified in this fashion:</para>
+
+ <programlisting language="java">final int limit = 14;
+int i = 0;
+while (i < limit) {
+ System.out.println(i);
+ i += 2; // Increment by 2 rather than by 1
+}</programlisting>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
- <section xml:id="sw1SectXmas">
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaXmasTree">
<title>Merry Xmas</title>
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaXmasTree">
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Write an application to print an ASCII art Xmas tree. Provide a configurable parameter <code>numberOfRows</code> which allows for controlling the tree's size. The following example shows a tree spanning 6 rows excluding the top (X) and the two bottom (###) lines (possibly bad page break in the printed version of this document):</para>
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Write an application to print an ASCII art Xmas tree. Provide a configurable parameter <code>numberOfRows</code> which allows for controlling the tree's size. The following example shows a tree spanning 6 rows excluding the top (X) and the two bottom (###) lines:</para>
- <screen> X
+ <screen> X
*
***
*****
@@ -1559,45 +1730,163 @@ Do not copy!</screen></td>
###
###</screen>
- <tip>
- <para>The following example printing a triangle may serve as a starting point:</para>
-
- <informaltable border="1">
- <colgroup width="47%"/>
+ <tip>
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The following code snippet printing a triangle may serve as a starting point:</para>
- <colgroup width="5%"/>
+ <informaltable border="1">
+ <colgroup width="47%"/>
- <colgroup width="48%"/>
+ <colgroup width="5%"/>
- <tr>
- <td valign="top"><programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
+ <colgroup width="48%"/>
- int numberOfRows = 7;
+ <tr>
+ <td valign="top"><programlisting language="java">final int numberOfRows = 7; <co linkends="sd1_callout_printTriangle-1" xml:id="sd1_callout_printTriangle-1-co"/>
- for (int row = 0; row < numberOfRows; row++) {
- for (int x = 0; x <row; x++) {
- System.out.print('*');
- }
- System.out.println('*');
- }
- }</programlisting></td>
+for (int row = 0; row < numberOfRows; row++) { <co linkends="sd1_callout_printTriangle-2" xml:id="sd1_callout_printTriangle-2-co"/>
+ for (int x = 0; x <= row; x++) { <co linkends="sd1_callout_printTriangle-3" xml:id="sd1_callout_printTriangle-3-co"/>
+ System.out.print('*'); <co linkends="sd1_callout_printTriangle-4" xml:id="sd1_callout_printTriangle-4-co"/>
+ }
+ System.out.println(); <co linkends="sd1_callout_printTriangle-5" xml:id="sd1_callout_printTriangle-5-co"/>
+}</programlisting></td>
- <td align="center">⟹</td>
+ <td align="center">⟹</td>
- <td valign="top"><screen>*
+ <td valign="top"><screen>*
**
***
****
*****
******
*******</screen></td>
- </tr>
- </informaltable>
- </tip>
- </question>
+ </tr>
+ </informaltable>
- <answer>
- <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
+ <calloutlist>
+ <callout arearefs="sd1_callout_printTriangle-1-co" xml:id="sd1_callout_printTriangle-1">
+ <para>The number of rows to be printed. Adjusting is easy and allows for printing larger or smaller triangles retaining its shape:</para>
+
+ <informaltable border="1">
+ <colgroup width="47%"/>
+
+ <colgroup width="5%"/>
+
+ <colgroup width="48%"/>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td valign="top"><programlisting language="java">final int numberOfRows = 3;
+...</programlisting></td>
+
+ <td align="center">⟹</td>
+
+ <td valign="top"><screen>*
+**
+***</screen></td>
+ </tr>
+ </informaltable>
+ </callout>
+
+ <callout arearefs="sd1_callout_printTriangle-2-co" xml:id="sd1_callout_printTriangle-2">
+ <para>The <quote>outer</quote> loop. Each step will:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Print one more line.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Advance the subsequent <quote>inner</quote> loop by one '*'.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </callout>
+
+ <callout arearefs="sd1_callout_printTriangle-3-co" xml:id="sd1_callout_printTriangle-3">
+ <para>Print a number of '*' characters. The exact number equals the outer loop's <code>row</code> value plus 1. So a value of <code>row == 4</code> will print 4 + 1 '*' characters.</para>
+ </callout>
+
+ <callout arearefs="sd1_callout_printTriangle-4-co" xml:id="sd1_callout_printTriangle-4">
+ <para>Print an individual character. Notice the presence of a <methodname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/PrintStream.html#print-java.lang.String-">print(....)</methodname> rather than a <methodname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/PrintStream.html#println-java.lang.String-">println()</methodname> method call. This way printing continues within a given line rather than breaking to a new one.</para>
+ </callout>
+
+ <callout arearefs="sd1_callout_printTriangle-5-co" xml:id="sd1_callout_printTriangle-5">
+ <para>After each line we need a line break <code>'\n'</code> for starting the next one using <methodname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/PrintStream.html#println--">println()</methodname>. If you prefer explicit code you may use <package xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html">System</package>.<parameter xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#out">out</parameter>. <methodname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/PrintStream.html#print-char-">print('\n')</methodname> instead.</para>
+ </callout>
+ </calloutlist>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Before coding the actual tree start by modifying the above triangle code to produce:</para>
+
+ <screen> *
+ **
+ ***
+ ****
+ *****
+ ******
+*******</screen>
+
+ <para>Hint: You will need a second loop inside the <quote>outer</quote> loop for creating spaces using the <code>' '</code> character.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+ </tip>
+ </question>
+
+ <answer>
+ <para>We start coding the proposed helper exercise:</para>
+
+ <informaltable border="1">
+ <colgroup width="47%"/>
+
+ <colgroup width="5%"/>
+
+ <colgroup width="48%"/>
+
+ <tr>
+ <td valign="top"><programlisting language="java">final int numberOfRows = 7;
+
+for (int row = 0; row < numberOfRows; row++) {
+ // Start line print preceeding white spaces
+ for (int x = 1; x < numberOfRows - row; x++) {
+ System.out.print(' ');
+ }
+ // continue line printing asterisks
+ for (int x = 0; x <= row; x++) {
+ System.out.print('*');
+ }
+ System.out.println();
+}</programlisting></td>
+
+ <td align="center">⟹</td>
+
+ <td valign="top"><screen> *
+ **
+ ***
+ ****
+ *****
+ ******
+*******</screen></td>
+ </tr>
+ </informaltable>
+
+ <para>The actual tree requires:</para>
+
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Printing the top.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Printing the body in a similar fashion as in the above triangle adjusting the loop parameters.</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Printing the trunk.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
+
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
// Example: 6 rows, tree's body loop index ranging from 0 to 5
//
@@ -1649,22 +1938,20 @@ Do not copy!</screen></td>
} //part ...
System.out.println("###"); // ... finished.
}</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
- <section xml:id="sw1SectXmasMoreFun">
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaXmasMoreFun">
<title>More fun with Xmas trees</title>
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaXmasMoreFun">
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Producing the following ASCII art for configurable Xmas tree sizes is more challenging :</para>
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Producing the following ASCII art for configurable Xmas tree sizes is more challenging :</para>
- <screen> \ /
+ <screen> \ /
-->*<--
/_\
/_\_\
@@ -1679,15 +1966,15 @@ Do not copy!</screen></td>
/_/_/_/_/_/_/_\
[___]</screen>
- <tip>
- <para>Inside a string literal a backslash <quote>\</quote> has to be escaped by using a double backslash <quote>\\</quote>.</para>
- </tip>
- </question>
+ <tip>
+ <para>Inside a string literal a backslash <quote>\</quote> has to be escaped by using a double backslash <quote>\\</quote>.</para>
+ </tip>
+ </question>
- <answer>
- <para>We start from a version being fully covered by our current knowledge:</para>
+ <answer>
+ <para>We start from a version being fully covered by our current knowledge:</para>
- <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
// Example: 5 row groups, tree's body loop index ranging from 0 to 4
@@ -1764,87 +2051,120 @@ Do not copy!</screen></td>
System.out.print(' ');
}
System.out.println("[___]"); // printing the trunk.
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>This solution is a bit cumbersome: It involves a repeating task namely indenting lines by a given amount of spaces.</para>
-
- <para>So far we have not yet introduced methods. In anticipation of upcoming lessons we provide an alternate solution by introducing a method <methodname>printIndented(...)</methodname> which prints a string being indented by a given number of whitespace characters. The System.out.format(...) method will be explained in <xref linkend="sw1SectSquareNumbersFormatted"/>.</para>
-
- <para>This enhances our code's readability:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java">public class XmasTree {
-
- private static void printIndent(int indentation, String s) {
- if (0 < indentation) {
- final String format = "%" + indentation + "s%s";
- System.out.format(format, "", s);
- } else {
- System.out.print(s);
- }
- }
-
- public static void main(String[] args) {
-
- // Example: 5 row groups, tree's body loop index ranging from 0 to 4
+ }</programlisting>
- // \ / The tree's top.
- // -->*<--
- // /_\
- // 0 /_\_\ Start of tree's body
- // /_/_/_\
- // 1 /_\_\_\
- // /_/_/_/_\
- // 2 /_\_\_\_\
- // /_/_/_/_/_\
- // 3 /_\_\_\_\_\
- // /_/_/_/_/_/_\
- // 4 /_\_\_\_\_\_\
- // /_/_/_/_/_/_/_\ End of tree's body
- // [___] Bottom trunk line.
+ <para>This solution is a bit cumbersome: It involves a repeating task namely indenting lines by a given amount of spaces.</para>
+ <para>So far we have not yet introduced methods. In anticipation of <link linkend="sd1SectStaticMembers">upcoming lessons</link> we provide an alternate solution by introducing a method <methodname>printIndented(...)</methodname> which prints a string a configurable number of times being indented by a given number of whitespace characters using <package xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html">System</package>.<parameter xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#out">out</parameter>.<methodname xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/PrintStream.html#format-java.lang.String-java.lang.Object...-">format(...)</methodname> as in <xref linkend="sd1QandaSquareNumberTableFormatted"/>.</para>
- final int numberOfRowGroups = 5; // You may easily change this value.
-
- printIndent(numberOfRowGroups + 1, "\\ /" + "\n"); // The tree's top.
- printIndent(numberOfRowGroups - 1, "-->*<--" + "\n");
- printIndent(numberOfRowGroups + 1, "/_\\" + "\n");
+ <para>Using <methodname>printIndented(...)</methodname> considerable enhances our code's readability. We do no longer need the <quote>inner</quote> loops. On the downside fiddling with values describing indentations and repetitions is still being required:</para>
+ <programlisting language="java">public class XmasTree {
- // Part two: The tree's body
- //
- for (int rowGroup = 0; // Outer loop printing the
- rowGroup < numberOfRowGroups; rowGroup++) { // tree's body.
+ // Helper method.
+ //
+ // Print string s a number of times defined by the repeat value being preceded by a number
+ // of whitespace characters ' ' given by the indentation value.
+ // Thus printIndent(5, "axb", 2) will generate "_____axbaxb" with "_" denoting white space.
+ //
+ private static void printIndent(final int indentation, final String s, final int repeat) {
+ if (0 < indentation) {
+ final String format = "%" + indentation + "s";
+ System.out.format(format, "");
+ }
+ for (int i = 0; i < repeat; i++) {
+ System.out.print(s);
+ }
+ }
- printIndent(numberOfRowGroups - rowGroup,"/");// Starting first line of row
- for (int x = 0; x < rowGroup + 2; x++) { // group with (numberOfRows -
- System.out.print("_\\"); // row) tree body content.
- }
- System.out.println(); // Finishing current line.
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
- // Second body line of current group
- //
- printIndent(numberOfRowGroups - rowGroup - 1, ""); // Starting second line
- for (int x = 0; x < rowGroup + 3;x++) { // of row group with
- System.out.print("/_"); // (numberOfRows - row - 1)
- } // tree body content.
- System.out.println("\\"); // Finishing current line.
- }
+ // Example: 5 row groups of two lines each, tree's body loop index ranging from 0 to 4
+ //
+ // Each groups consists of two lines having identical structure among all groups:
+ // Group n: /_\_\ ... _\ »/« followed by repeating »_\« n+2 times
+ // /_/_ ... /_\ Repeating »/_« n+3 times ending with »\«
+
+ // \ / The tree's top.
+ // -->*<--
+ // /_\
+ // 0 /_\_\ Start of tree's body
+ // /_/_/_\
+ // 1 /_\_\_\
+ // /_/_/_/_\
+ // 2 /_\_\_\_\
+ // /_/_/_/_/_\
+ // 3 /_\_\_\_\_\
+ // /_/_/_/_/_/_\
+ // 4 /_\_\_\_\_\_\
+ // /_/_/_/_/_/_/_\ End of tree's body
+ // [___] Bottom trunk line.
+
+
+ final int numberOfRowGroups = 5; // You may easily change this value.
+
+ // Part one: The tree's top
+ //
+ printIndent(numberOfRowGroups + 1, "\\ /\n" ,1);
+ printIndent(numberOfRowGroups - 1, "-->*<--\n",1);
+ printIndent(numberOfRowGroups + 1, "/_\\\n" ,1);
+
+ // Part two: The tree's body
+ //
+ for (int rowGroup = 0; // Outer loop printing the
+ rowGroup < numberOfRowGroups; rowGroup++) { // tree's body group by group.
+
+ printIndent(numberOfRowGroups - rowGroup,"/", 1);// Starting first line of group
+ printIndent(0,"_\\", rowGroup + 2); // print leaves
+ System.out.println(); // Finishing first line of group.
+
+ // Second body line of current group
+ //
+ printIndent(numberOfRowGroups - rowGroup - 1, "", 1); // Starting second line
+ printIndent(0, "/_", rowGroup + 3); // of row group
+
+ System.out.println("\\"); // Finish second line of group.
+ }
- // Part three: The tree's bottom trunk
- //
- printIndent (numberOfRowGroups, "[___]"); // Indenting the bottom trunk ...
- }
+ // Part three: The tree's bottom trunk
+ //
+ printIndent (numberOfRowGroups, "[___]", 1); // Indenting the bottom trunk ...
+ }
}</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
+
+ <para>Both variants allow for setting e.g. <code>final int numberOfRowGroups = 8</code> creating a larger tree (albeit having the same trunk size):</para>
+
+ <screen> \ /
+ -->*<--
+ /_\
+ /_\_\
+ /_/_/_\
+ /_\_\_\
+ /_/_/_/_\
+ /_\_\_\_\
+ /_/_/_/_/_\
+ /_\_\_\_\_\
+ /_/_/_/_/_/_\
+ /_\_\_\_\_\_\
+ /_/_/_/_/_/_/_\
+ /_\_\_\_\_\_\_\
+ /_/_/_/_/_/_/_/_\
+ /_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\
+ /_/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/_\
+ /_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\
+/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/_/_\
+ [___]</screen>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
<section xml:id="sd1SectSquareNumberTable">
<title>A table of square numbers</title>
<qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaSquareNumberTable">
+ <title>A basic square number table</title>
+
<qandadiv>
<qandaentry>
<question>
@@ -1889,16 +2209,15 @@ Do not copy!</screen></td>
</qandadiv>
</qandaset>
- <section xml:id="sw1SectSquareNumbersFormatted">
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaSquareNumberTableFormatted">
<title>Tidy up the mess!</title>
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaSquareNumberTableFormatted">
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Running the previous code for values beyond 9 suffers from ugly formatting:</para>
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Running the previous code for values beyond 9 suffers from ugly formatting:</para>
- <screen>n | n * n
+ <screen>n | n * n
--+------
0 | 0
1 | 1
@@ -1912,19 +2231,19 @@ Do not copy!</screen></td>
19 | 361
20 | 400</screen>
- <para>Modify your code by:</para>
+ <para>Modify your code by:</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>introducing a single integer constant to define the number of values to be printed (i.e. 20 in the above example).</para>
- </listitem>
+ <orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>introducing a single integer constant to define the number of values to be printed (i.e. 20 in the above example).</para>
+ </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Right indent all integer values being printed.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Right indent all integer values being printed.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </orderedlist>
- <para>Your application's output shall look like:<screen> n | n * n
+ <para>Your application's output shall look like:<screen> n | n * n
---+------
0| 0
1| 1
@@ -1936,14 +2255,14 @@ Do not copy!</screen></td>
...
19| 361
20| 400</screen><tip>
- <para>Read the track <link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/data/numberformat.html">Formatting Numeric Print Output</link> and learn how to style numeric output.</para>
- </tip></para>
- </question>
+ <para>Read the track <link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/data/numberformat.html">Formatting Numeric Print Output</link> and learn how to style numeric output.</para>
+ </tip></para>
+ </question>
- <answer>
- <para>The key difference is replacing <methodname><link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#out">System.out</link>.<link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/PrintStream.html#println--">println</link>(...)</methodname> statements by <methodname><link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#out">System.out</link>.<link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/PrintStream.html#format-java.lang.String-java.lang.Object...-">format</link>(...)</methodname>:</para>
+ <answer>
+ <para>The key difference is replacing <methodname><link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#out">System.out</link>.<link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/PrintStream.html#println--">println</link>(...)</methodname> statements by <methodname><link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#out">System.out</link>.<link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/PrintStream.html#format-java.lang.String-java.lang.Object...-">format</link>(...)</methodname>:</para>
- <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
final int limit = 20; // The number of records to be printed
@@ -1956,22 +2275,20 @@ Do not copy!</screen></td>
i , i * i); // Values being inserted in above format
} // string.
}</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
- <section xml:id="sw1SectSquareNumbersHtmlFormatted">
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sw1QandaSquareNumbersHtmlFormatted">
<title>HTML-ify me</title>
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sw1QandaSquareNumbersHtmlFormatted">
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>Modify the previous code to generate HTML output instead of pure text and watch the result in a WEB browser:</para>
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>Modify the previous code to generate HTML output instead of pure text and watch the result in a WEB browser:</para>
- <programlisting language="xml"><html xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
+ <programlisting language="xml"><html xmlns='http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml'>
<head>
<title>A square table</title>
</head>
@@ -1993,10 +2310,10 @@ Do not copy!</screen></td>
</table>
</body>
</html></programlisting>
- </question>
+ </question>
- <answer>
- <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
+ <answer>
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
final int limit = 20; // The number of records to be printed
@@ -2026,22 +2343,20 @@ Do not copy!</screen></td>
+ " </body>\n"
+ "</html>\n");
}</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
- <section xml:id="sd1SectIntermediateMultiplication">
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaIntermediateMultiplyTable1">
<title>Auxiliary Example, part 1: A multiplication table</title>
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaIntermediateMultiplyTable1">
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>In order to prepare a more sophisticated square number table we supply a slightly different exercise producing a multiplication table:</para>
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>In order to prepare a more sophisticated square number table we supply a slightly different exercise producing a multiplication table:</para>
- <screen> * | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
+ <screen> * | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
---+--------------------------------------------------
1| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2| 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
@@ -2054,22 +2369,22 @@ Do not copy!</screen></td>
9| 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90
10| 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 </screen>
- <para>The number of rows and columns are equal. Provide an appropriate parameter <code>final int limit = ...</code> so that your implementation works for different values just by changing its value.</para>
+ <para>The number of rows and columns are equal. Provide an appropriate parameter <code>final int limit = ...</code> so that your implementation works for different values just by changing its value.</para>
- <tip>
- <para>You'll need an inner loop nested within an outer one like:</para>
+ <tip>
+ <para>You'll need an inner loop nested within an outer one like:</para>
- <programlisting language="java">for (int y = 0; ...){
+ <programlisting language="java">for (int y = 0; ...){
for (int x = 0; ... ) {
...
}
}</programlisting>
- </tip>
- </question>
+ </tip>
+ </question>
- <answer>
- <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
+ <answer>
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
final int limit = 10; // Parameter is subject to change.
@@ -2094,22 +2409,20 @@ Do not copy!</screen></td>
System.out.println();
}
}</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
- <section xml:id="sd1SectIntermediateMultiplication2">
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaIntermediateMultiplyTable2">
<title>Auxiliary Example, part 2: Avoiding redundant entries</title>
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaIntermediateMultiplyTable2">
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>It does not make sense to supply both results like e.g. 3 * 4 and 4 * 3. Modify your application to generate:</para>
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>It does not make sense to supply both results like e.g. 3 * 4 and 4 * 3. Modify your application to generate:</para>
- <screen> 1| 1
+ <screen> 1| 1
2| 2 4
3| 3 6 9
4| 4 8 12 16
@@ -2121,12 +2434,12 @@ Do not copy!</screen></td>
10| 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
---+--------------------------------------------------
* | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 </screen>
- </question>
+ </question>
- <answer>
- <para>We have to move the header to the table's bottom. Apart from that the required change with respect to your previous exercise is tiny: The <quote>inner</quote> loop must end when reaching the current row's index:</para>
+ <answer>
+ <para>We have to move the header to the table's bottom. Apart from that the required change with respect to your previous exercise is tiny: The <quote>inner</quote> loop must end when reaching the current row's index:</para>
- <programlisting language="java"> final int limit = 10; // Parameter is subject to change.
+ <programlisting language="java"> final int limit = 10; // Parameter is subject to change.
for (int row = 1; row <= limit; row++) { // Printing rows.
System.out.format("%3d| ", row);
@@ -2148,22 +2461,20 @@ Do not copy!</screen></td>
}
System.out.println();
</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
- <section xml:id="sd1SectSquareTableBlocks">
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaSquareTableBlocks">
<title>Creating a <quote>real</quote> square table</title>
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaSquareTableBlocks">
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>The last square number table solution is only appropriate for smaller amounts of data. Growing number of elements require rearranging values in blocks in order to limit wasting space:</para>
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>The last square number table solution is only appropriate for smaller amounts of data. Growing number of elements require rearranging values in blocks in order to limit wasting space:</para>
- <screen> n | n*n n | n*n n | n*n n | n*n n | n*n
+ <screen> n | n*n n | n*n n | n*n n | n*n n | n*n
----+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+----------
0 | 0 20 | 400 40 | 1600 60 | 3600 80 | 6400
1 | 1 21 | 441 41 | 1681 61 | 3721 81 | 6561
@@ -2187,27 +2498,27 @@ Do not copy!</screen></td>
18 | 324 38 | 1444 58 | 3364 78 | 6084 98 | 9604
19 | 361 39 | 1521 59 | 3481 79 | 6241 99 | 9801</screen>
- <para>Building a table this way requires some parameters:</para>
+ <para>Building a table this way requires some parameters:</para>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>The number of blocks in x-direction (5 in the above example)</para>
- </listitem>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The number of blocks in x-direction (5 in the above example)</para>
+ </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The number of blocks in y-direction (2 in the above example)</para>
- </listitem>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The number of blocks in y-direction (2 in the above example)</para>
+ </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The number of entries per block (10 in the above example)</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>The number of entries per block (10 in the above example)</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
- <para>You may have to nest three loops within each other.</para>
- </question>
+ <para>You may have to nest three loops within each other.</para>
+ </question>
- <answer>
- <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
+ <answer>
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
final int
numBlocksHorizontal = 5,
@@ -2243,50 +2554,48 @@ Do not copy!</screen></td>
}
}
}</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
- <section xml:id="sd1SectSquareTableBlocksHtml">
+ <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaSquareTableBlocksHtml">
<title>Creating a sophisticated HTML version of your square table</title>
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sd1QandaSquareTableBlocksHtml">
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>A HTML of version of the previous square number table may look like <link xlink:href="/Sd1/Ref/Src/squareTable.html">squareTable.html</link>. Inspect this generated HTML 5 code and modify your console output from the previous exercise in order to produce identical or similar HTML code.</para>
+ <qandadiv>
+ <qandaentry>
+ <question>
+ <para>A HTML of version of the previous square number table may look like <link xlink:href="/Sd1/Ref/Src/squareTable.html">squareTable.html</link>. Inspect this generated HTML 5 code and modify your console output from the previous exercise in order to produce identical or similar HTML code.</para>
- <para>Depending on your advance in HTML and <xref linkend="glo_CSS"/> you may want to postpone this exercise until <xref linkend="glo_HTML"/> and <xref linkend="glo_CSS"/> have been thoroughly covered in <link xlink:href="https://www.hdm-stuttgart.de/studenten/stundenplan/vorlesungsverzeichnis/vorlesung_detail?vorlid=5213267">related lectures</link>.</para>
+ <para>Depending on your advance in HTML and <xref linkend="glo_CSS"/> you may want to postpone this exercise until <xref linkend="glo_HTML"/> and <xref linkend="glo_CSS"/> have been thoroughly covered in <link xlink:href="https://www.hdm-stuttgart.de/studenten/stundenplan/vorlesungsverzeichnis/vorlesung_detail?vorlid=5213267">related lectures</link>.</para>
- <tip>
- <para>The <xref linkend="glo_HTML"/> standard allows for quoting of attribute values either by double or by single quotes:</para>
+ <tip>
+ <para>The <xref linkend="glo_HTML"/> standard allows for quoting of attribute values either by double or by single quotes:</para>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para><code><col span="2"/></code></para>
- </listitem>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><code><col span="2"/></code></para>
+ </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para><code><col span='2'/></code></para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><code><col span='2'/></code></para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
- <para>The latter is more convenient when being embedded in <xref linkend="glo_Java"/> code since it does not interfere with string literal delimiters:</para>
+ <para>The latter is more convenient when being embedded in <xref linkend="glo_Java"/> code since it does not interfere with string literal delimiters:</para>
- <programlisting language="java">System.out.print("<col span='2'/>\n");</programlisting>
+ <programlisting language="java">System.out.print("<col span='2'/>\n");</programlisting>
- <para>rather than the more clumsy:</para>
+ <para>rather than the more clumsy:</para>
- <programlisting language="java">System.out.print("<col span=\"2\"/>\n");</programlisting>
- </tip>
- </question>
+ <programlisting language="java">System.out.print("<col span=\"2\"/>\n");</programlisting>
+ </tip>
+ </question>
- <answer>
- <para>The following solution uses <xref linkend="glo_CSS"/> style definitions in the generated HTML's header section which are subsequently being referenced from the document's body.</para>
+ <answer>
+ <para>The following solution uses <xref linkend="glo_CSS"/> style definitions in the generated HTML's header section which are subsequently being referenced from the document's body.</para>
- <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
+ <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
final int numBlocksHorizontal = 5, numBlocksVertical = 2, entriesPerBlock = 10;
@@ -2346,24 +2655,23 @@ Do not copy!</screen></td>
System.out.print("" + " </table>\n" + " </body>\n" + "</html>\n");
}</programlisting>
- <para>Viewing the generated <xref linkend="glo_HTML"/> results in:</para>
-
- <screenshot>
- <info>
- <title>A <xref linkend="glo_HTML"/> square table till 20*20.</title>
- </info>
-
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/squareTable.png"/>
- </imageobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </screenshot>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
+ <para>Viewing the generated <xref linkend="glo_HTML"/> results in:</para>
+
+ <screenshot>
+ <info>
+ <title>A <xref linkend="glo_HTML"/> square table till 20*20.</title>
+ </info>
+
+ <mediaobject>
+ <imageobject>
+ <imagedata fileref="Ref/Fig/squareTable.png"/>
+ </imageobject>
+ </mediaobject>
+ </screenshot>
+ </answer>
+ </qandaentry>
+ </qandadiv>
+ </qandaset>
</section>
<section xml:id="sd1SectPlayingLottery">
@@ -2373,7 +2681,7 @@ Do not copy!</screen></td>
<qandadiv>
<qandaentry>
<question>
- <para>Many lotteries randomly dram numbers from a given set like:</para>
+ <para>Common lotteries randomly draw numbers from a given set like:</para>
<glosslist>
<glossentry>
@@ -2421,7 +2729,7 @@ Do not copy!</screen></td>
</glossentry>
</glosslist>
- <para>This category of lottery does not care about ordering (apart from so called jolly numbers). The number of possibilities drawing n out of m numbers ignoring their order is being given by the <link xlink:href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_coefficient">binomial coefficient <inlineequation>
+ <para>This category of lottery does not care about ordering (apart from so called jolly numbers). The number of possibilities for drawing k out of n numbers ignoring their ordering is being given by the <link xlink:href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_coefficient">binomial coefficient</link> <inlineequation>
<m:math display="inline">
<m:mrow>
<m:mrow>
@@ -2447,7 +2755,7 @@ Do not copy!</screen></td>
</m:mrow>
</m:mrow>
</m:math>
- </inlineequation></link>:</para>
+ </inlineequation>:</para>
<informalequation>
<m:math display="block">
@@ -2517,7 +2825,7 @@ Do not copy!</screen></td>
</m:math>
</informalequation>
- <para>Write an application which allows for calculation of probabilistic success rates. For the German <quote xml:lang="de">Glücksspirale</quote> a possible output reads:</para>
+ <para>Write an application which allows for determining the probabilistic success rates by calculating this coefficient. For the German <quote xml:lang="de">Glücksspirale</quote> a possible output reads:</para>
<screen>Your chance to win when drawing 6 out of 49 is 1 : 13983816</screen>
@@ -2956,31 +3264,47 @@ for (int i = 2; i <= number; i++) {
<qandadiv>
<qandaentry>
<question>
- <para>Write a program which randomly chooses an integer number between zero and a fixed upper limit e.g. 10.</para>
+ <para>Write a simple game where the user tries to guess a randomly selected number.</para>
- <para>On execution the user is asked to guess this secret value. Each time entering a new guess the program shall respond with either of:</para>
+ <para>Your program will randomly choose an integer number between zero and a configurable fixed upper limit e.g. 10. The user will have an again configurable number of tries to guess the number in question. Each time after entering a number your program will respond with either of the following:</para>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>You won!</para>
- </listitem>
+ <glosslist>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>User wins</glossterm>
- <listitem>
- <para>Game over, try another run?</para>
- </listitem>
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>You won!</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
- <listitem>
- <para>Number is too low</para>
- </listitem>
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>User looses</glossterm>
- <listitem>
- <para>Number is too high</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
+ <glossdef>
+ <para>Game over, try another run?</para>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+
+ <glossentry>
+ <glossterm>Game continues, either of:</glossterm>
+
+ <glossdef>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Number is too low</para>
+ </listitem>
+
+ <listitem>
+ <para>Number is too high</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
+ </glossdef>
+ </glossentry>
+ </glosslist>
- <para>The system offers a maximum number of tries, say 5 for example. In the following example the system randomly generates the secret number 5. A possible dialogue looks like:</para>
+ <para>The system offers a maximum number of tries e.g. 6. In the following example the system randomly generated the secret number 5 internally. A possible dialogue looks like:</para>
- <screen>Try to guess my number in the range between 0 and 10:
+ <screen>Try to guess my secret number between 0 and 10:
You have 5 attempts
Input your guess:4
Value is too low
@@ -2989,17 +3313,16 @@ Value is too high
Input your guess:5
Congratulations! you won!</screen>
- <para>Regarding user input reading and random number generating methods please use the following recipe to get started:</para>
+ <para>Regarding reading user input and creating random numbers please use the following recipe to get started:</para>
<programlisting language="java">package ...
import java.util.Random;
...
public static void main(String[] args) {
- final short maxValueInclusive = 10; // Upper inclusive limit for selecting
- // random
- final int randomValue = new Random() // a random value ranging from 0 to
- .<link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Random.html#nextInt--">nextInt(maxValueInclusive + 1)</link>; // maxValueInclusive.
+
+ final int randomValue = new Random() // Selecting a pseudo random value
+ .<link xlink:href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Random.html#nextInt--">nextInt(10)</link>; // between 0 and 10 (inclusive).
final Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Input a number:");
@@ -3010,113 +3333,39 @@ import java.util.Random;
</question>
<answer>
- <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
+ <programlisting language="java">final int maxValueInclusive = 10, // Guessing a value from 0 to this value (inclusive)
+ numOfUserAttempts = 5, // User will have this number of tries guessing the random value.
+ randomValue = // Create a random value between 0
+ new Random().nextInt( // and maxValueInclusive.
+ maxValueInclusive + 1);
- final int maxValueInclusive = 10, numOfUserAttempts = 5,
- randomValue = new Random()
- .nextInt(maxValueInclusive + 1); // Create a random value between 0
- // and maxValueInclusive
+System.out.println("Try to guess my secret number in between 0 and "
+ + maxValueInclusive + ":");
- System.out.println("Try to guess my number in the range between 0 and "
- + maxValueInclusive + ":");
- System.out.println("You have " + numOfUserAttempts + " attempts");
+System.out.println("You have " + numOfUserAttempts + " attempts");
- final Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
-
- boolean numberWasFound = false;
+try (final Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in)) {
+ boolean numberWasFound = false;
- for (int i = 0; i < numOfUserAttempts; i++) {
- System.out.print("Input your guess:");
- final int userGuess = scan.nextInt();
- if (userGuess < randomValue) {
+ for (int i = 0; i < numOfUserAttempts; i++) {
+ System.out.print("Input your guess:");
+ final int userGuess = scan.nextInt();
+ if (userGuess < randomValue) {
System.out.println("Value is too low");
- } else if (randomValue < userGuess) {
+ } else if (randomValue < userGuess) {
System.out.println("Value is too high");
- } else {
+ } else {
numberWasFound = true;
break;
- }
- }
- scan.close();
-
- if (numberWasFound) {
- System.out.println("Congratulations! you won!");
- } else {
- System.out.println("Game over, try another run?");
- }
- }</programlisting>
- </answer>
- </qandaentry>
- </qandadiv>
- </qandaset>
- </section>
-
- <section xml:id="sw1SectionPostExamMarking">
- <title>Post modifying an exam's marking</title>
-
- <qandaset defaultlabel="qanda" xml:id="sw1QandaPostExamBonuspoints">
- <title>Exam bonus points</title>
-
- <qandadiv>
- <qandaentry>
- <question>
- <para>After completely marking an examination a lecturer decides to globally add a number extra bonus points to a specific task . The task does have an upper limit of points to be awarded at maximum. We provide an example:</para>
-
- <para>On completely fulfilling a task 12 points will be awarded. So after marking the exam participants' points range from 0 to 12 points being represented by the variable <code>pointsReached</code>.</para>
-
- <para>After completing his marking our lecturer wants to add three more points to all participants without breaching the 12 point limit.</para>
-
- <para>Complete the following code by assigning this modified number of points to the variable <code>newResult</code>.</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
-
- int pointsReached = 1;
- int maximumPoints = 12;
- int pointsToAdd = 3;
-
- final int newResult;
-
- // TODO: Assignment to variable newResult
-
- System.out.println("New Result:" + newResult);
- }</programlisting>
- </question>
-
- <answer>
- <para>The basic task is to add up the values of <code>pointsReached</code> and <code>pointsToAdd</code>. When exceeding the limit we just assign the limit itself:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
-
- int pointsReached = 1;
- int maximumPoints = 12;
- int pointsToAdd = 3;
-
- final int newResult;
-
- if (maximumPoints <= pointsReached + pointsToAdd) {
- newResult = maximumPoints;
- } else {
- newResult = pointsReached + pointsToAdd;
- }
-
- System.out.println("New Result:" + newResult);
- }</programlisting>
-
- <para>This basically means calculating the minimum of the two expressions <code>pointsReached + pointsToAdd</code> and <code>maximumPoints</code>. This may as well be be implemented by:</para>
-
- <programlisting language="java"> public static void main(String[] args) {
-
- int pointsReached = 1;
- int maximumPoints = 12;
- int pointsToAdd = 3;
-
- final int newResult = Math.min(maximumPoints, pointsReached + pointsToAdd);
-
- System.out.println("New Result:" + newResult);
-
- }</programlisting>
+ }
+ }
- <para>You will fully understand the above expression <function>Math.min(...)</function> after finishing the <quote xlink:href="https://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/9780992133047/toc12_html">Static Final Variables</quote> section.</para>
+ if (numberWasFound) {
+ System.out.println("Congratulations! you won!");
+ } else {
+ System.out.println("Game over, try another run?");
+ }
+}</programlisting>
</answer>
</qandaentry>
</qandadiv>
@@ -3877,7 +4126,7 @@ import java.util.Random;
</tr>
</informaltable>
- <para>Why does a value of 838 rather then 840 appears here?</para>
+ <para>Why does an upper value of 838 rather then the proposed sum value of 840 appears here?</para>
<para>This list mostly contains values like <inlineequation>
<m:math display="inline">
@@ -4221,7 +4470,7 @@ import java.util.Random;
</m:math>
</inlineequation>.</para>
- <para>We thus only need two nested loops for generating all possible triples: If the value of b is being incremented by 1 then c has to be decremented by 1 as well.</para>
+ <para>We thus only need two nested loops for generating all possible triples: If the value of b is being incremented by 1 then c has to be decremented by 1 as well and is thus fully dependent.</para>
<para>For convenience reasons we introduce a variable <code>int sum = 840</code> representing our sum of all three values. Our filter condition now only needs to check for the remaining Pythagorean condition <inlineequation>
<m:math display="inline">
@@ -4279,7 +4528,7 @@ for (int a = 1; a <= sum / 3; a++) {
(210, 280, 350)
(240, 252, 348)</screen>
- <para>The above code can be simplified further. We introduce the variable s being shorthand for <code>sum</code> in our <xref linkend="glo_Java"/> code. The inner <code>for</code> loop so far starts with a value of <inlineequation>
+ <para>The above code can be simplified even further. We introduce the variable s being shorthand for <code>sum</code> in our <xref linkend="glo_Java"/> code. The inner <code>for</code> loop so far starts with a value of <inlineequation>
<m:math display="inline">
<m:mrow>
<m:mi>b</m:mi>
@@ -4484,7 +4733,7 @@ for (int a = 1; a <= sum / 3; a++) {
</m:math>
</informalequation>
- <para>So for each given value of a there is either no or exactly one possible solution (since <code>n</code> is of integer type). Our inner loop thus becomes obsolete.</para>
+ <para>So for each given value of a there is either no or exactly one possible solution (since <code>n</code> is of integer type). Our <quote>inner</quote> nested loop becomes obsolete.</para>
<para>The above equation must hold for integer arithmetic leaving no fractional remainder. We introduce two variables <code>numerator</code> and <code>denominator</code> representing the above terms <inlineequation>
<m:math display="inline">
@@ -4550,7 +4799,7 @@ for (int a = 1; a <= sum / 3; a++) {
</m:mrow>
</m:mrow>
</m:math>
- </inlineequation>.The <quote>remainder of modulus</quote> operator <code>%</code> testing for a zero remainder filters the desired triples:</para>
+ </inlineequation>. The <quote>remainder of modulus</quote> operator <code>%</code> testing for a zero remainder filters the desired triples:</para>
<programlisting language="java">final int sum = 840;
@@ -4566,28 +4815,28 @@ for (int a = 1; a <= sum / 3; a++) {
}
}</programlisting>
- <para>This yields the same result as before but execution is (again) ways faster. This will pay off when looking for larger values of <code>sum</code>.</para>
+ <para>This yields the same result as before but execution is (again) ways faster paying off when looking for larger values of <code>sum</code>.</para>
</answer>
</qandaentry>
</qandadiv>
</qandaset>
</section>
</section>
+ </section>
- <section xml:id="sd1SectExternalLogicExercises">
- <title>Logic related external exercises</title>
+ <section xml:id="sd1SectExternalLogicExercises">
+ <title>Logic related external exercises</title>
- <para>Solve:</para>
+ <para>Solve:</para>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para><link xlink:href="http://codingbat.com/java/Warmup-1">Warmup-1</link> excluding <link xlink:href="http://codingbat.com/prob/p191914">Warmup-1 > notString</link>.</para>
- </listitem>
+ <itemizedlist>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><link xlink:href="http://codingbat.com/java/Warmup-1">Warmup-1</link> excluding <link xlink:href="http://codingbat.com/prob/p191914">Warmup-1 > notString</link>.</para>
+ </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para><link xlink:href="http://codingbat.com/java/Logic-1">Logic-1</link>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </section>
+ <listitem>
+ <para><link xlink:href="http://codingbat.com/java/Logic-1">Logic-1</link>.</para>
+ </listitem>
+ </itemizedlist>
</section>
</chapter>
--
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